Theme Of Isolation In A Rose For Emily - 1741 Words

People often label themselves based on their personality types, more specifically as either extroverts or introverts. Introverts prefer solitude and minimal social interactions, but are sometimes misunderstood as standoffish people. However, how for can social isolation go before it becomes harmful to one’s mentality? In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† William Faulkner creates protagonist Emily Grierson, an aloof Southern belle whose life is built on extreme levels of introversion and eccentric behaviors. The plot describes her life and downfall through the perspective of the townspeople. Through this story, Faulkner shows the prevalence of some mental disorder caused by Emily’s isolation through different sources of seclusion: from†¦show more content†¦All Emily had was her father, therefore by accepting his death, she would have to accept that she was alone with nothing but the house her father had trapped her in. It is evident that Mr. Griers on’s parenting contributed to Emily’s behavior towards his death. Furthermore, Geertjan Overbeek’s study showed that overprotective parenting psychologically had an effect on children. As a result, the present study demonstrated that parents’ lack of care and overprotection were longitudinally, non-specifically linked to the incidence of several DSM-III-R mood, anxiety, and substance disorders (i.e., major depression, dysthymia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, alcohol and drug abuse, and alcohol dependence)† (Overbeek 92). We can see that overbearing parenting can lead to some mental illness, and Emily is no exception. Moreover, Emily’s confinement seems to have caused some attachment issues as seen through the death of Mr. Grierson and later through her romantic relationship with Homer Barron. These attachment issues seem to be a way to cope with her deteriorating mentality. Letting go of her father was difficult for Emily possib ly due to the fear of loneliness or depression from losing someone who had such a strong presence over her life.. Along with the isolation caused by her father, the townspeople also confined Emily through their Southern ideals. Some time after the passing of Mr. Grierson, Emily met Homer Barron, a Northern laborer who came to doShow MoreRelated Theme of Isolation in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Isolation in A Rose for Emily As an author establishes the characters he simultaneously attempts to develop the theme of the story. An author uses various elements such as point of view, the setting, and symbols to work toward the expression of one central idea. In looking at A Rose for Emily. a short story by William Faulkner, it is evident that Faulkner successfully carries one main idea throughout the piece, the idea of being isolated from society. One of the most effectiveRead MoreAnalysis Of A Rose For Emily Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesBeing An Outcast: Emily As Manifesting Thematic Alienation in Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† I. Introduction Being taught in high schools and universities all across the nation, William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† has achieved a great deal of both academic and mainstream respect in the United States. In being arguably one of Faulkner’s strongest stories, and since Faulkner himself has assumed the position of being one of the great masters of American fiction, â€Å"A Rose† is undoubtedlyRead MoreA Rose For Emily Literary Analysis875 Words   |  4 Pagesnew ideas allows for both the individual and society to progress. William Faulkner packs the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† with different types of literary devices that describes the fight against change in the post-U.S. Civil War South. Faulkner’s story takes place in the Southern town of Jefferson Mississippi in the late 1800’s, early 1900’s. The symbolism of the primary characters (Emily Grierson, her father and the Grierson estate) chronicles how difficult change is in Jefferson. Assuming a darkRead MoreSymbolism In Rose For Emily892 Words   |  4 Pages Desperation for love from extreme isolation results in destructive actions and extreme situations. William Faulkner achieved to describe that in the story â€Å"Rose for Emily† through the main character, Miss Emily Grierson who suffered from necrophilia. This story is enriched with full of symbolism, along with a deep-rooted issues and messages. Symbolism helps to gives readers to think about text and hidden themes that go along with the symbols. This gives reading a more rich and vivid experience.Read MoreAnalysis Of William Faulkner s A Rose For Emily1526 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Faulkner uses theme, imagery and symbolism to highlight the decline of the South in his short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† William Faulkner is the author of â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† the story starts off at Emily’s funeral, and the whol e town is there too. The men went out of respect for losing a person who had been a citizen of Jefferson for a long time, and the women went because they wanted to see what her house looked like because only a select few have seen it in the lastRead MoreEssay about A Rose For Emily - In Memory Of Emily Grierson1181 Words   |  5 Pages In the short story  ¡Ã‚ §A Rose for Emily, ¡Ã‚ ¨ (1930) William Faulkner presents Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s instable state of mind through a missed sequence of events. Faulkner arranges the story in fractured time and then introduces characters who contribute to the development of Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s personality. The theme of isolation is also presented by Faulkner ¡Ã‚ ¦s descriptive words and symbolic images. amp;#9;Faulkner uses anachronism to illustrate Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s confused mind. The story is split into five sectionsRead MoreIsolation: Short Story and Mrs. Mallard Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesIsolation and loneliness In the following short stories Eveline written by James Joyce, The Story of An Hour written by Kate Chopin, and A Rose For Emily written by William Faulkner we find that isolation is a popular theme throughout the stories. There are several factors in each one of the stories that makes us feel the isolation that each one of the women in the stated stories felt. Weather it is Eveline feeling stuck at home due to a request for her to tend to her family and resume the placeRead MoreTrifles By Susan Glaspells A Rose For Emily1227 Words   |  5 Pagesother hand, isolation from society can also bring peace, comfort, and evaluation of one’s self. In the â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell’s and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner the short story and play transmit a theme of isolation, but in their case, it leads them to disturbing actions. Starting off firstly, in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, it shows that the setting took place around the end of the civil war. After the war, Emily’s father Mr. Grierson in essence, raised his young daughter Emily to believe thatRead MoreLiterary Appreciation Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter must face with and hopefully defeat. What behind conflict is want. The author always creates situations where the characters crave something. Laura in The Glass Menagerie is the tragic heroine and so does the woman called Emily in the story of A Rose For Emily. Both of them have external conflicts with their parents, in other words, they are forced to submit to their parents. The difference here is that the conflict between Laura and her mother Amanda is that Amanda wants her to get marriedRead MoreA Rose For Emily And The Last Of The Crazy People Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages Similar themes of death, mental health, and isolation are portrayed through characters’ interna l and external conflicts within the short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner and the novel, â€Å"The Last of the Crazy People† by Timothy Findley. Together these themes illustrate how traumatic experiences can result in an inability to function within society and a stigma impacting their overall wellbeing. These actions and behaviours are explored through Emily and Jessica, who both experience

The Evolution Of The Internet - 1534 Words

Before the conception of the Internet, music was sold wholly as a physical product. The gramophone record commonly known as ‘Vinyl’ dominated all music sales up until the 1990s. Vinyl was sold as EPs (Singles or Extended play) and LPs (Albums – Long play). In the 1980s the Compact Cassette exploded in popularity, invented by Philips in 1962 the compact cassette had been around with little success. In the 1980s there was a massive surge of high fidelity portable cassette players being sold, most notably the Song Walkman released in 1979, the compact cassette thrived throughout the 80s overtaking sales of vinyl LPs. It was in 1982 that the first compact disc was produced (CD),but it wasn’t until a few years later that CDs began to gain†¦show more content†¦Early 1999 Heavy metal band Metallica discovered that a demo version of their song ‘I Disappear’ was being spread throughout the online file sharing website before it had actually been released. This meant that radio stations were able to access and play the track. Due to this the band filed a lawsuit against Napster. A month later Rapper and music producer Dr.Dre also filled a law suit against Napster, this was after a failed attempt in asking Napster to remove his music off the website. After a year they settled both lawsuits, but this was the end of the dispute with the music industry and Napster. In 1999 the RIAA ( The Recording Industry Association of America) filed a lawsuit on behalf of many record labels who felt that Napster was infringing on their copyrights. By 2000 Napster was ordered to remove any copyrighted music away from its sight and by early 2001 Napster closed down its online sight as ordered by a judge. ‘The digital music revolution it unleashed has since brought a once-mighty recording industry to its knees’; Many feel that Napster was the sole reason for the destruction of CD despite the closing of the website, it only paved the way for other models to come along and find a legal way of streaming music to the public. In the early 2000’s many streaming methods came about. Pandora Internet Radio Station was launched, allowing users to create radio channels that were tailored to their own music taste. Pandora is free to use,Show MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of The Internet Of Things791 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of a plethora of digital services. Building a general architecture for the IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. As a result, huge volumesRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Internet Radio2053 Words   |  9 PagesThe evolution of music has taken exponential routes into our homes. The vast market for the consumers who always like to have music playing have a variety of options to choose from. There is the origin company of Pandora that has spearheaded the entire industry, as well as Spotify who has reimagined the internet radio genre. Spotify is one of the top companies in today’s society, including its Premium version which offers discounts to students. Apple Music and Tidal are companies with strong backgroundsRead MoreThe Evolution of TCPIP and The Internet Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of TCPIP and The Internet The Evolution of TCP/IP (and the Internet) While the TCP/IP protocols and the Internet are different, their evolution are most definitely parallel. This section will discuss some of the history. Prior to the 1960s, what little computer communication existed comprised simple text and binary data, carried by the most common telecommunications network technology of the day; namely, circuit switching, the technology of the telephone networks for nearlyRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Internet And Network Protocols837 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of the Internet and Network Protocols The internet has revolutionized the modern world like no other invention has before, except perhaps, electricity. The internet allows sharing and collaboration to take place between people on opposite sides of the globe. Vinton G. Cerf, often called the â€Å"Father of the Internet†, admits that when the original idea of an â€Å"intranet† was in its infancy, there was no possible way to imagine all of the ways we would come to use it (NDTV, 2013). ButRead MoreEssay on Internet Speak: The Evolution of Language on the Internet3129 Words   |  13 PagesInternet Speak: The Evolution of Language on the Internet People everywhere with text message cell phones and online chat services are taking part in the evolution of language on the Internet. To the uninitiated this Internet lingo, or Internet Speak, can look like a completely different and utterly incomprehensible language. Some people claim it is a corruption or a decay of the English language, citing the notorious lack of capitals and proper punctuation or spelling. The truth about InternetRead MoreEvolution Of The Internet And Its Effect On The Music Industry1628 Words   |  7 PagesAmber Dawkins - Music Business Skills The Evolution Of The Internet And Its Effect On The Music Industry The evolution of digital music has created an obvious and drastic shift in the way consumers and producers view and use the music industry. The introduction of digitally compressed music files has made music so easily attainable to all for a small fee or to download illegally for free. This has made the music industry reevaluate how they are to make a profit off their art form. Social mediaRead MoreThe Evolution Of Internet Over The Past Decades2710 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction The evolution of internet over the past decades in tremendous that, information sharing between individuals has been increasing. Till now machine to machine communication has also been possible because of the trends and developments that have been in this field such IPV6 etc. Internet of things refers to the connectivity of devices between each other using IP addresses. A simple machine to machine connectivity can be obtained using internet and IP address of the device.(Skiba, 2013)Read MoreThe Evolution Of Internet : Incredible Speed On A Fiber Optic Network Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesFRONTIER FIOS The evolution of Internet: Incredible speed on a fiber-optic network [SHOP FIOS PLANS] # # # C MODULE Frontier Fios Internet vs. the competition Head to head, how does fiber fare in the Internet battles? Fios vs. Cable Cable providers serve metro areas. The network for cable TV delivers Internet to the same homes. It’s via copper wiring, though. Fiber-optics consist of hair-thin, flexible glass fibers that deliver data through pulses of light. 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Approaches to Family Therapy-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Describe a family experiencing a particular problem, either real or invented. Briefly outline how two different approaches to family therapy might try to address this problem. Refer to Ch. 1 of attached text (Geldard and Geldard, 2008). as a guide for two styles to choose from (especially see Table 1.1 on p. 17). You are to compare and contrast these two approaches, and how a therapist might work with this family from these two therapeutic orientations. Answer: Family history Alice and John white have two children a 13 year old son Jayden and a 16 year old daughter Sky. John is a medical doctor at Johns Hopkins hospital, working as an orthopedic surgeon and Alice is a civil engineer currently working with MM Construction Company. This family on the outside looks like the most perfect family, their children goes to one of the most expensive private school, they go on family vacations and to the outside world they are perfect. They have been experiencing problems within the family when Sky expressed her interest in dancing; she wants to be a professional belly dancer; however her father wanted her to pursue medicine because she is a straight A student but Sky doesnt want to medicine. Her mother is in support of her career choice, and her father is not. Skys career choice has led to so much conflict that the parents openly argue in front of their children. The arguments have taken a serious tool on Jayden who feels to have been forgotten because every conversation in the house is about Sky. This has made Jaydens adolescent defiance worse; he comes late at night smelling of alcohol and Bhang. Sky on the other hand is depressed and she has resulted to self-harm because of the conflicts in the house and engaging into sexual activity with a boy in the local gang. The arguments have gotten so bad that Alice and John dont talk to each other and they rarely sit as a family. Nobody knows the ware bouts of the other or even that of their children. Skys choice of career is influenced by the Latino dance classes that she joined in school without the knowledge of her father, but with the secret support from her mother and Jaydens irresponsible behavior roots from lack of attention from the parents. Marital problems between Alice and John started when Alice expressed her interest in going back to work after taking a break to be a housewife and take care of her kids. According to their plan on Jaydens 10th birthday she would go back to work and advance on her career. When time for Alice to go back to work John objected on the basis that and I quote I provide everything for the family, they live in a good neighborhood, our children go to the best schools, I have no other family, my wife is comfortable and I provide the best that life can give. So I dont see any reason as to why she should go back to work, instead she should stay at home and take care of our kids till they are 18. Alice said this during one of their therapy sessions and John acknowledged his words. Their problems started when Alice went back to work without Johns consent and they got worse with Skys choice of career and her mothers support of her choice. What prompted them to go to therapy is after a very serious argument that led to a two-week separation, John moved to hotel and Alice was left in the house alone, when she decided to go through her Childrens things in search of a good memory, when she found Boys clothes on Skys room and Sky was in the bathroom passed out due to bleeding. In Jaydens room he was blacked out drunk with rolls of bhang in his drawers and everywhere in the room. Alice called 911 and both her children were taken to the hospital. That is when it dawned to her how disorganize her family was and the need for urgent intervention. All of this information was gathered during their first few family therapy sessions Family therapy techniques When dealing with such a family the best therapy approach to use is constructive family therapy and strategic family therapy(Gurnman, 2014). Constructive family therapy This therapy approach was developed by Steve de Shazer and Michael white. This strategy focuses on understanding the family instead of focusing on its problems. By understanding the family, the therapist will be able to isolate the root cause of the problem, dismantling the problem and providing news ways of coping. This is so because the family is made up of individuals with different personalities and different stories. Every person in the family is unique and has their own thinking processes; therefore this approach focuses on identifying and analyzing these differences and making them work for the good of everyone involved(Fallon, 2015). In this approach the therapist structures the conversation using a consultative guide which is based and guided by the clients feedback. The therapist will help the family come up with the problems they are experiencing, through collaborative dialogues that will show that the problem roots from their own interpersonal relationships. Through this guided approach the therapist then guides the family in coming up with a solution or solutions unique to their specific problems. This approach disregards theories that state how normal families should function and it formulates a functioning mechanism according to the family in therapy. It appreciates the diversity of families and the members and works towards cultivating this diversity into actual working mechanisms(Nicholas, 2001). This strategy values every individuals opinion, personality and assumptions. The therapist will work with the family to show them how this differences interact with each other and how they can be the cause of the problem and finally how to make these differences work to solve their problems by appreciating them(Sexton, 2015). Strategic family therapy This therapy strategy was developed by Bateson, Madanes and Palazzoli. This type of counseling is based on cybernetics and structural aspect of the family. In this type of counseling the therapist is the expert. This type of therapy tries to explain how these two dynamic interact in a family setting, how it can result to problems and how the dynamics can be used to solve problems. This approach requires the therapist to come up with hypothesis in collaboration with the family and determine how effective they are in solving their problems, if the hypothesis is not effective then the therapist drops it and identifies other ones that are or will be effective(Rosen, 2015). The cybernetic dynamic tries to explain how problems arise within the family system without involvement of the individual but as a result of imbalances within the family system and imbalances within the person as they try to adapt to the imbalance in the family system. Most of the time when there are problems in the family, the homeostatic system that maintains balance malfunctions and the problem can escalate if the problem is not solved appropriate, this is where cybernetics come in, through identifying the causes and effects and solving them in a healthy way(Stith, 2014). Structural family dynamics in strategic family therapy will try to rule out and explain the unspoken rules that determine behavior. These unspoken rules could be so dysfunctional in our case scenario such that the conflict escalates without any intervening factors. This dynamic will help the family cope with conflicting situations, by having the levels of authority that are required for a family to function normally(Szapocznik, 2015). In this strategy the counselor is the expert, and they are supposed to give directives to the family on what to do in order to solve conflicts, these directives can be straightforward and paradoxical interventions. but before reaching to the level of providing directives they should understand the family in depth and pinpoint their cause of troubles, most important they should not take sides. To prevent this they must employ use of co-therapist when handling such complicated cases. The children in this family set up are adolescent; therefore the therapist needs to involve the intervention of an adolescent therapist(Horigian, 2015). Compare and contrast strategic and constructive family therapy In constructive therapy the counselor tries to understand the cause of the conflict by listening to the family and collaborates with the family to find solutions while in strategic therapy the therapist is the expert concentrating on problem solving(Robins, 2015). Constructive therapy does not involve the use of a co-therapist, but strategic family therapy requires the use of a co-counselor(Gladdin, 2014). In strategic family therapy the change process is guided by action-oriented directives and positive connotation; alternatively the change process in constructive family therapy takes place via focused and collaborative interactions between the therapist and the family(Minuchin, 2014). Strategic family therapy is more of problem-solving, while constructive family therapy involves understanding the problem and its causes, and focuses on the value of differentiation by helping families deal with their differences in a healthy way that yields positive results(Reiter, 2017). Strategic family therapy is problem oriented on the other hand constructive family therapy is solution oriented Bibliography Fallon, I. (2015). Handbook of behavioural family therapy . Routledge. Gladdin, S. (2014). Family therapy: History, theory, and practice. Pearson Higher Ed. Gurnman, A. (2014). Handbook of family therapy. Routledge. Horigian, V. (2015). Brief strategic family therapy: thirty-five years of interplay among theory, research, and practice in adolescent behavior problems. In A. P. Association, In Handbook of adolescent drug use prevention: research, intervention strategies, and practice (pp. 249-265). Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association. Minuchin, S. (2014). The restoried history of family therapy. In Routledge, The evolution of psychotherapy:The second conference (pp. 21-30). Routledge. Nicholas, M. (2001). essentials of family therapy . Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Reiter, M. (2017). Constructivist, critical, and integrative approaches to couples counseling. . Taylor Francis. Robins, M. (2015). The effects of Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) on parent substance use and the association between parent and adolescent substance use. Addictive behaviors, 42, 44-50. Rosen, K. (2015). Strategic family therapy. An introduction to marriege and family therapy, 155-181. Sexton, T. (2015). Handbook of family therapy . Routledge. Stith, s. (2014). strategic therapy. In an introduction to marriege and family therapy (pp. 175-201). Routledge. Szapocznik, J. (2015). Breif strategic family therapy:implementig evidence based models in community settings. Psychotherapy research.

Critically Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereotyping. Essay Example For Students

Critically Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereotyping. Essay Word Count: 3201B231: Social Interaction, Exam Paper 1998, Question 4. Graeme GordonStereotyping is a form of pre judgement that is as prevalent in todays society as it was 2000 years ago. It is a social attitude that has stood the test of time and received much attention by social psychologists and philosophers alike. Many approaches to, or theories of stereotyping have thus been raised. This essay evaluates the cognitive approach that categorisation is an essential cognitive process that inevitably leads to stereotyping. Hamilton (1979) calls this a depressing dilemma. Browns (1995) definition of stereotyping through prejudice is the holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive beliefs, the expression of negative affect, or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a group on account of their membership to that group. This definition implies that stereotyping is primarily a group process, through the individuals psyches within that group. A further idea of stereotyping, defined by Allport (1954) as thinking ill of others without warrant, is that people make their mind up without any personal experience. This pre judgement about a whole group is then transferred to the stigmatisation of any individuals in that group. It is these ideas that the essay aims to evaluate, through the cognitive process of categorisation and the above definitions that bring about three distinct features of stereotyping, that our cognition can be demonstrated through. The first characteristic of stereotyping is over-generalisation. A number of studies conducted found that different combinations of traits were associated with groups of different ethnic and national origin (Katz and Braly, 1933). However, stereotyping does not imply that all members of a group are judged in these ways, just that a typical member of a group can be categorised in such judgements, that they possess the characteristics of the group. Still, when we talk of a group, we do so by imagining a member of that group. The second feature and characteristic of stereotyping is the exaggeration of the difference between ones own group (the in-group) and the other group (the out-group). This can be traced back to the work of Tajfel during the 1950s the accentuation principle (Tajfel, 1981). Tajfels work was specifically on physical stimuli, and concluded that judgements on such stimuli are not made in isolation, but in the context of other factors. Applied socially a judgement about an out-group relies upon other factors surrounding the judgement in question, as well as making a statement about the in-group and the relationship between the two groups. Through stereotyping and categorisation we exaggerate the differences between the groups. From this comes the effect that in believing an out-group is homogenous, through exaggerated differences, their in-group is not with very much less over-generalisation taking place (Linville, et al., 1986). The third characteristic of stereotyping is that of the expression of values. Most stereotypical judgements of group characteristics are in fact moral evaluations (Howitt, et al., 1989). For example, Katz and Braly (1933) studied a group of students attitudes to towards minority groups. They found that Jews were attributed to being mean (in terms of money), rather than they themselves being spendthrifts. Also, they found that there was a strong view that French people were excitable. This actually implies that they are over-excitable above the norm, as everybody is excitable, per se, and thus there would be no necessity to mention it. Concluding from this, it is valid to say that a value has been put on a characteristic in this case, a stereotypical one. A criticism with much of this research is that participants are asked to make judgements out of social context in abstract situations. Howitt, et al. (1989) say that this leads to a derogatory implication: that attributing a group with a characteristic is also withholding others. However, stereotyping leads to more than merely placing an adjective onto a group or category. The cognitive processes that give reason to stereotyping are much deeper than this, giving rise to the above characteristics. The cognitive approach to stereotyping is that we all stereotype, at varying levels because of the essential cognitive process of categorisation (Brown, 1995). Howitt, et al. (1989) take this view also, and add that it is an ordinary process of thought to over-generalise, and then protect it. We live in a complex social environment, which we need to simplify into groups, or categories. This simplification is present at all levels of life it is part of our language, distinguishing between dog and cat, male and female, and even in the basic motives of distinguishing between food and non-food. Such categorisation may seem linguistically simple, but is essential for example, the classification of elements and organisms by biologists and chemists: one of the most basic functions of all organisms is the cutting up of the environment into classifications (Rosch, et al., 1976). However, the point must be made that, even though language suggests so, categorisation leads to different functions and features in non-humans and humans. For stereotyping is not present in non-humans, thus, we may come to the conclusion that stereotyping is possible through linguistics this topic is discussed further later. This categorisation also has varying depths of moral meaning, or value, which c an lead to varying levels of stereotyping. For example, the categorisation of Catholic Protestant in Northern Ireland. Categorisation is seen as a way of ordering what we perceive (Billig, 1985), stimuli of the external world that needs to be simplified, using iconic images, to pass into our short-term memory (Neisser, 1976). This simplification process transforms James blooming, buzzing confusion into a more manageable world in which it is easier to adapt categorisation is a cognitive adaptation. For we do not have the capability to respond differently to each stimulus, whether it be a person, an object, or an event. Categorisation is important in every day life, as well as in the most extreme of circumstances for example, the discrimination between friend and foe. For categorisation to be useful, we enhance the difference between groups. This was found to be the case at both social and physical levels, and later became known as the accentuation principle (see above). However, the distinction between physical stimuli and social objects must be made clear. We ourselves our social objects, thus, we are implicated by such categorisations. As Hogg and Abrams (1988) state: it would be perilous to disregard this consideration. This can be seen in the accentuation of out-group homogeneity (Park and Rothbart, 1982). Mary Flannery O’Connor Analysis EssayWe are aware of the possibility and ability to change. However, we do not express this flexibility because it is a disruption of the norm, or, of the social group-thought. Goffman (1959) views everyday life as dramaturgical (All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players Shakespeare). To disrupt this would be to change the script, and break out of the conformity of the social group, self-to-self and to others. Even so, this illustrates that through our ability to categorise, we have the ability to particularise and do more with the stimuli than accumulate more instances of predetermined categories (Billig, 1985). In Billigs alternative approach to stereotyping, he also raises the point of category selection a problem that cognitive psychologists have often overlooked. Tversky and Gati (1978) found that different stimuli are judged on their similarities and differences before categorisation and this judgement can be diff erent depending on what way the stimuli is perceived. Billigs point is that we must particularise before categorising and thus a link has been formed. Categorisation implies a rigidity in our cognition. Stereotypes, by nature, are over generalisations. Such inflexibility is not a possible process of our cognition categorisation do not exist in isolation (Billig, 1985). As categorisation leads to many categories, through its definition, surely only one such category could possibly be so rigid and inflexible, as other categories must be used by it, and thus be flexible. Therefore, categorisation is not a rigid process, but involves change which is reflective of our cognition and change is possible (conflicting with Allports definition). The difference between two groups affects other attributes of the out-group, including those that are similar to the in-group. By subdividing further such similarities, we are initiating a defence against change in our attitudes and categories. This inventiveness is another example of the flexibility of categorisation. In the most extreme cases, this can lead to an inventiveness demonstrated by racial theorists, which in fact, contradicts their prejudice and rigidity of categories. This flexibility can be illustrated further by studies that have shown that in stereotyping, people imply that most of a group posses a stereotypic trait but not all members. Thus, is the need for special cases, realisation of individualisation and tolerance (Billig, 1985). According to the cognitive approach, stereotyping is a group process. It may occur in groups, but it is the individual psyches that make up the group, that project their stereotypes through a group. We do have the ability to see people as individuals and particularise their unique characteristics. We can change, as even categorisation is flexible, which undermines the cognitive approach with categorisation, although it may take time on a social level. To conclude, the cognitive approach alone does not give us an understanding of stereotyping. However, it does anchor the fact that through our natural thought processes we do categorise, which leads to stereotyping. It also highlights the importance of the individual and the group. There are, however, problems that have been overlooked by cognitive psychologists which we need to understand, in order to fully understand the changing dynamics and nature of stereotyping in our society (Howitt, et al., 1989). There is also the need to look further than the causes of stereotyping and into its effects in order to understand the processes of our thought, of stereotyping. ReferencesALLPORT, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. London: Addison-Wesley. BILLIG, M. (1985). Prejudice, categorisation and particularisation: From a perceptual rhetorical approach, European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 70-103. BROWN, R. (1995). Prejudice. Oxford: Blackwell and Cambridge, Massachusetts. DUNCAN, B.L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping blacks, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 590-598. ESSED, P. (1988). Understanding verbal accounts of racism: Politics and heuristics of reality constructions, Text, 8, 5-40. HAMILTON, D.L. (1979). A cognitive attributional analysis of stereotyping, In: Berkovitz, L. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Psychology, Vol. 12, Academic Press, New York. HOGG, M.A. ABRAMS, D. (1988). Social identifications, London: Routledge. HORWITZ, M. RABBIE, J.M. (1982). Individuality and membership in the intergroup system, pp.241-274, In: Tajfel, H. (ed.), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. HOWITT, D., BILLIG, M., CRAMER, D., EDWARDS, D., KNIVETON, B., POTTER, J. RADLEY, A. (1989). Social psychology: Conflict and continuities, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, and Philadelphia. JONES, E.E., WOOD, G.C. QUATTRONE, G.A. (1981). Perceived variability of personal characteristics in in-groups and out-groups: the role of knowledge and evaluation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 523-528. KATZ, D. BRALY, K. (1993). Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 30, 175-93. LINVILLE, P.W., SALOVEY, P. FISCHER, G.W. (1986). Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to in-group out-group perceptions, In: Dovido, J.F. and Gaertner, S.L. (eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism, Orlando, FL: Academic Press. NEISSER, U. (1976). Cognition and reality, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. PARK, B., ROTHBART, M. (1982). Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorisation: memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 1031-1068. ROSCH, E., MERVIS, C.B., GRAY, W.D., JOHNSON, D.M. BAYES-BRAEM, P. (1976). Basic objects in natural categories, Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382-439. TAJFEL, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BACK TO MAIN PAGE

Body Language free essay sample

This means that the way of hold odd, the way of moving hands and the expression on face all make more of an impact than the words that are coming out of your mouth. Having a good knowledge Of the impact Of body language can help you in a huge range Of situations throughout your life, especially if often are on either side of a buying and selling transaction. Indians are very polite in either verbal or non- verbal communication. This is because they respects the person they are communicating with either in negotiation process or daily communication.Unlike western counties, it is uncommon for Indians to have body contact (hand shaking) as part of communication. Indians greet others and show respect when they first meet or begin a conversation by holding both hands together followed with a slight bow. Indians greeting (Names) In negotiation process, first impression to either competitors or allies are very crucial. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Indians tradition to bow and greet others with Names, rather than western culture that shake hands which is consider rude in the eastern countries, Indians manages to show good first impression to others which is very beneficial in the business field.Successful business or large companies would tend to establish business relationship with individuals or companies presenter which shows good first impression. Besides, It is very common for Indians people to nod their head when they are speaking or when they are listening to others speaking. This gesture is known as head bobble or head wobble. According to Cook, an India travel expert, a fast and continuous head bobble indicates that a person is really understands, while a quick bobble from side to side means yes or alright. This gesture is a sign of agreement to the speaker.This is to show that they are interested in the conversation and trying to reply or asking any questions. When someone how interest of what an individual is talking, the individual will encouraged and motivated to continue a conversation. In this situation, any negotiation process will proceed smoothly and end up with a win-win situation result. Negotiation is all about showing interest to other party or individual and to achieve a result which is beneficial to both sides. Head bobble (sign of agreement for Indians) In a negotiation process, Indians usually positioned themselves 3 feet away from the speaker or listener.At a 3 feet or farther distant in either negotiation process or daily communicating, it is not consider rude but it is a sign of wowing respect to others and themselves. In order to succeed in negotiation process, Indians usually shows politeness in every aspect include verbal and non-verbal communication. When negotiating with Eastern countries such as Japan or Korea which also care about politeness in every aspect, the process would end with both parties achieve their objectives and could establish a relationship in business. Besides, the sharing of cultures would also occur in the process.Indians also do not make eye contact directly to the person they are talking or listening to as direct eye Contact is c onsidered rude for the Indians. Indians will avoid having direct eye contact with someone who has higher position than themselves. This avoidance is a signal of giving trust to the speaker or listener of whom they are communicating with. Avoiding direct eye contact by moving the sight lower than the one they are communicating with usually is a sign of showing respect to that person by positioned themselves lower than others.Thus, others will have positive opinion about Indians which would definitely benefits them in negotiation process. People normally will respect others when others respect them. So, when dealing with Indians in estimation process, other party would also show their respect. At the end, this would lead Indians to succeed in negotiation process by just showing respect to other party involved. Palms at 45 degree angle ( sign of honest) Using hand gesture when negotiate is common for Indian. It may be perceived as indifference if they dont use hands at all which called no hand gestures.Audience may feel that speaker dont care about what he is talking about. Negotiate with hidden hand will effect the negotiation as it will be hard to gain opponent trust if they cant see negotiators hand along the propose of estimation. Thus, using hand gesture in negotiation had helping Indian a lot in negotiation process. For example common hand gesture of Indian which is hands open and palms at a 45-degree angle, shows that they are being honest and open. In the process Of searching agreement to solve problem among two parties, trust is main element that must have. Trust between negotiator not only can let the negotiation go smoothly, but also can catch an opponent off guard in negotiation thus come to a satisfied negotiation result. In a negotiation, a poor posture of negotiator likely will be viewed as signaling lack of enthusiasm. Leaning forward may be an expression of interest and eagerness. Moreover, a negotiator allowed to change from feeling powerless to feel powerful with good body language. This is where deception, which is acting confident, becomes reality, which is gaining actual confidence as body language affects the way Indian feel and think about themselves.By acting powerful and confident, they soon feel powerful and confident. In fact, studies have shown that adopting high power poses can decrease cortices and increase testosterone, while low power poses bring about the converse. Most effective leaders have both high testosterone and low cortices, they are less reactive, more confident about taking risks and more likely to make good decisions. So a negotiator can boost his endurance and performance capabilities in difficult and stressful situations by simply changing his body language in the process of negotiation.Body language is to be understood in context. As an expert negotiator, body language recognizing should be included in set Of skills. Spotting a rookie has never been easier. Erratic gestures, voice murmuring excessive sweating, shaking, and even excessive blinking, are clear signs of anxiety. For example, drumming fingers on the table might communicate that he is nervous or impatient. Having arms across opponents chest can signal that he is defensive or uncomfortable. Even at- rest face might say different things to others.If mouth is slightly turned down and forehead is wrinkled, people may think that the person is aggressive, uptight, unhappy and judgmental. Conversely, if mouth slightly curved upwards and forehead is smooth, most people will think that he is friendly, likeable, considerate and smart. Indian use them to his advantage, and make sure theyre not fabricated gestures. An effective negotiator has to be a good listener. This requires more than just processing what is verbally being said. An ability to read body language is essential to following the progress of a negotiation.That is why learning to read body language allows a Indian to make more accurate assessments of his or her counterpart. A reading based on clusters of similar attitudinal gestures are more accurate than quick judgments made based on one isolated action. Possessing an ability to read body language allows the Indian tailor his approach and strategy according to the feedback that get from reading his opponents body language. Non-verbal feedback warn the Indian negotiator that he must change, withdraw or do something different in order to reach his objective.With an ability to read body language, an Indian negotiator able to spot deception. He can do so by evaluating a verbal communication against its corresponding gesture. Body language is often more truthful. People are not always aware that they are communicating non-verbally but their verbal pronouncements can be consciously tweaked to meet their objectives. Thus, Indian negotiator can decrease the percentage of lose or increase the win situation when able to pot deception from opponents body language. The negotiator yields valuable information which was not previously disclosed.Potential issues can be defused quickly even before they snowball into a mess. It is human nature to judge others all the time and to do so quickly. So depending on his body language, an Indian negotiator set himself at an advantage or disadvantage the moment he is glimpsed by his counterpart. Good body language is crucial to securing a good first impression and reputation. Good first impressions carry with them a halo effect. Halo effect means that when people see certain favorable qualities in a person, they assume other favorable qualities in that person.First impressions are durable and are not easily altered once forged. They go on to form your reputation. So good body language not only increases the probability that the counterpart will form a more positive impression of the negotiator but goes towards building the negotiators good reputation. The importance of a good first impression or reputation cannot be underestimated. The first impression or reputation created by the negotiators body language sets the tone for the ensuing relationship with his opponent. Body language determines how well the negotiator will be treated by his counterpart.Studies show that where candidates set a good first impression, interviewers provide them with more information and opportunities, ask less information from them and build more trust with them. This is because people generally go on to engage in behavior that helps make their initial impressions of you come true. So similarly, a negotiator with good body language is able to lay the foundation for a smooth negotiation. Good body language will assist Indian negotiator to gain trust from his counterpart, and the counterpart is more likely to treat IM better and both parties comes to a win- win situation.A negotiator with good body language can also communicate and persuade more effectively. As mentioned above, body language is seven times more meaningful than whatever a person is actually saying. This is why congruence between the verbal and the non-verbal is essential to a negotiator. The listener will be tuning in to your non-verbal, whether consciously or subconsciously, in order to understand and interpret the verbal communication. To produce an effective and meaningful message, the body needs to support the words.For example, when negotiator is trying to convince his counterpart that what he are saying is true, the negotiator has to look like what he is saying is true. The more empathy that the counterpart has for the negotiators non-verbal communication, the better the counterpart can receive the verbal communication. On the other hand, incongruence between the verbal and non-verbal introduces room for doubt, stirring up distrust. Poor body language not only affects the strength and clarity of the communication but also the negotiators credibility. Hence, body language truly assist negotiator in the negotiation process. Body Language free essay sample Whether realized or not, it is obvious that wherever the concept of language occurs, the concept of culture occurs. That is mainly because language is deeply embedded in culture. is innate and how much is culturally defined? Are there any true universal nonverbal cues or just universal tendencies modified to suit cultural ideals and constraints? It is my proposal that of all forms of nonverbal communication the most universal is the communication of emotions through facial expression. Other channels of nonverbal communication are also of great importance in many cultures. However which channels are emphasized, what cues are considered acceptable and the symbolic meaning of the cues may vary chicken soup for the soul Anthropology may be dissected into four main perspectives, firstly physical or biological anthropology, which is an area of study concerned with human evolution and human adaptation. Its main components are from culture to culture. Ekman and Friesen (1969 ;and discussed in Ekman and Keltner, 1997) undertook an important cross-cultural study to determine how easily and accurately people from various literate Western and non-Western cultures could identify the appropriate emotion term to match photographs they were shown. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The photographs were of Caucasian faces posed in certain facial expressions. The terms the subjects were given to choose from were happiness, surprise, disgust, contempt, anger, fear and sadness. The result was consistent Anthropology Anthropology may be dissected into four main perspectives, firstly physical or biological anthropology, which is an area of study concerned with human evolution and human adaptation. Its main components are evidence of agreement across all cultures examined. In order to rule out the possibility that exposure to mass-media had taught the subjects to recognize Caucasian facial expressions Ekman and Friesen undertook a similar study among a visually isolated culture in New Guinea (Ekman, 1972). A different methodology was used ;people were shown the photographs of posed Caucasian facial expressions and were asked to make up a story about the person and the moments leading up to that image. From these Chicken Soup For The Soul Anthropology may be dissected into four main perspectives, firstly physical or biological anthropology, which is an area of study concerned with human evolution and human adaptation. Its main components are stories Ekman and Friesen concluded that these subjects were able to identify the emotions accurately. The one exception was that there seemed to be some confusion between surprise and fear expressions. Similar research was undertaken by Heider and Rosch (reported in Ekman, 1972) with the intent of disproving Ekman and Friesen. However, the data gathered also supported Ekman and Friesen’s conclusions. A similar experiment (Argyle, 1975) compared the perception of the emotions of English, Italian and Japanese performers Anthropology Anthropology may be dissected into four main perspectives, firstly physical or biological anthropology, which is an area of study concerned with human evolution and human adaptation. Its main components are by subjects from these three countries. The results (reported in Argyle, 1975) were as follows: Both the English and Italian subjects could identify their own and each others emotions but had difficulty with the Japanese. The Japanese subjects were able to identify the emotions of the English and Italians better than those groups had been able to judge the Japanese. However the Japanese subjects had difficulty determining Japanese facial expressions. This would seem to indicate that the Japanese face Eating Disorders During any given day, the American society is inundated by our perception of the ideal woman. The ideal of a slim and slender body bombards young women on television, does not express emotion in the same manner as those of other cultures. However, another experiment (Ekman and Keltner, 1997) demonstrated different results. American and Japanese subjects were observed while watching films designed to evoke fear and disgust. During part of this observation the subjects were videotaped while watching the film alone. It was presumed that during this time no social rules would restrict the subject’s display of emotion. No difference existed between the American and the Japanese subjects in Culture Vs. Race Anthropologists have always had their discrepancies with the word culture and its background significance. There have been numerous definitions that have filtered through the field, yet not one that everyone the display of emotion when alone. When watching the film with an authority figure (the researcher) present the Japanese were more likely than the Americans to hide negative emotions with a smile. Observation of children who were born deaf and blind show that they make the same emotional expressions (Ekman and Keltner, 1997). There is no way that these children could have learned this behaviour through sensory input. Similarly, a study involving sighted babies under six months of age Philosophy of Man I: Perception Philosophy of Man I: Perception Linguistic ability affects man in his specifically animal operations. Discuss with reference to any one of the senses. has showed that they react with fear to negative faces (Segerstrale and Molnar, 1997). These infants were too young to have learned which faces had negative connotations. It would have to be an innate response. Although different cultures define when and where it is acceptable to display certain emotions (i. e. crying at a funeral may or may not be expected) and the stimulus that triggers a certain emotion may vary from culture to culture, the facial expression of emotions seems Time and Culture In The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time (Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1983), anthropologist Edward T. Hall entitles his first chapter Time as Culture. An extreme stance perhaps, especially given to be a universal. There may be an evolutionary advantage to this form of communication. When people are communicating they tend to mimic the faces one another make. It has been shown that making a face associated with an emotional response actually causes the person to feel that emotion (Ekman, 1977). This shared empathy would have aided in facilitating group harmony and communic ating states of mind. While facial expressions may be universal (although subject to cultural rules) the use of Time And Culture In The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time (Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1983), anthropologist Edward T. Hall entitles his first chapter Time as Culture. An extreme stance perhaps, especially given the rest of the body as a communicative tool is widely varied from culture to culture. Although there seem to be some universal tendencies (Morain, 1978) Birdwhistell’s comment that â€Å"there are probably no universal symbols of emotional state† ;seems to be true (1970). Although the body is an important channel of communication in every culture the information that the body conveys and the manner in which it conveys it varies greatly. This is illustrated in the contrast between Japanese and Time And Culture In The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time ;Anthropologist Edward T. Hall entitles his first chapter Time as Culture. ;An extreme stance perhaps, especially given the potency Arab nonverbal communication styles. Japanese conversation involves a great deal of ritual and prescribed answers. Much of the information in an encounter is transmitted on nonverbal channels. It is important to the Japanese that emotions not be shown in public. This applies to both negative (sorrow, anger) and positive (joy) emotions, although more strongly to negative emotions. A poker face is considered ideal in public, in private a faint smile is acceptable. In most situations sorrow or displeasure cultural protectionism Essay #1 Ramya Mehul MCOM 250 The fine line that used to separate human beings from animals was the phenomenon of speech and imagination. But the great divide must not be shown, it is preferable to mask negative feelings with a smile than display them (Morisaki and Gudykunst, 1994). The Japanese do not look one another

ETHNIC STUDIES WORD DOC Essay

ETHNIC STUDIES WORD DOC Essay ETHNIC STUDIES WORD DOC Essay Ethnic Studies: An inclusive system of education for all students By: Cecilia Rasgado The United States is a nation of immigrants, with a population composed of people with various ethnicities and cultures. As the demographic face of our nation continues to change and rapidly grow in numbers, it’s evident that our education system needs to adjust to these transformations by providing a higher quality education for all students. Ethnic studies, the study race and ethnicity, is very uncommon in schools across the country and usually not available till high school as an elective but not required. Requiring ethnic studies in schools at any grade level can benefit students of all races and ethnic backgrounds academically as well as socially. Educational institutions across the country continue to highlight the contributions of the dominant group, higher income people who tend to be white, and has yet to reconstruct its system to include all marginalized people. Students of color often disengage from academic learning because they find the curriculum in school to be unrelatable to their lives and not pertain to their cultural background. Therefore, they â€Å"do not know how to take the initiative to become responsible for their own education, have input on what they learn, or participate in the construction of their own knowledge† (Cammarota and Romero 19). This does more than silencing their knowledge and intellectual capacities, it erases their potential as human beings. Ethnic studies should â€Å"exist in part because students of color have demanded an education that is relevant, meaningful, and affirming of their identities† (Sleeter 7). Ethnic studies can socially benefit our society as a whole by creating a better understanding of one another and greater awareness of the injustices that continue to exist in our country. â€Å"There is considerable research evidence that†¦ ethnic studies curricula have positive academic and social outcomes for students†¦both students of color and white students have been found t o benefit from ethnic studies† (Sleeter 8). By challenging students to reconsider how American society treats subordinates groups of people, it causes positive action for change and more inclusion in the community. These â€Å"lessons teaching about racism†¦improve racial attitudes among white children, allowing them to see how racism affects everybody and offering them a vision for addressing it† (Sleeter). A harmonious America can move forward and advance more than social structures with other issues if we accept our differences. In Arizona, the drop out rate has been disproportionately high for minority and poor students prior to ethnic studies. Students who were on the verge of dropping out began participating in schools and the disturbing trends decreased with record high college attendance. Clearly, â€Å"by reflecting the realities of students’ lives, including

Writing an abstract Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing an abstract - Assignment Example sought to acquire peripheral personal information from the respondents at the understanding phase by engaging the respondents on a one-to-one conversation. In the acceptance phase, the last phase for the observer-as-participant role – the researchers obtained the much possible intimate information that they could through respondents’ spontaneous expressions of opinions and comments. This article acknowledges the existence of the dilemma of distance in social sciences research, where seeking for a balance between observation and participation remains a major issue. The current recommended solutions for balancing between observation and participation have been cited as being ineffective because of the difficulty in determining the equilibrium during research. This leaves the researcher to bear the challenge of the dilemma as opposed to offering a solution. Appreciating this limitation, Hong and Duff (2002) in their dance club research sought to provide an alternative strategy. They adopted a teamwork approach through rotating and alternating roles of participant-as-observer and observer-as-participant. They undertook a four-step process to gather intimate information from dancers in the Los Angeles clubs: initiation, understanding, acceptance and trust development consecutively. The role of observer-as-participant in the last phase was to ensure that the participant-as-observer does not get intimate with the respondents, to avoid overrapport and restricted vision. This provision for checks and balances by the observer-as-participant could be the basis for this proposed alternative solution to the distance dilemma in field research. The article serves as an important source of information on how to tackle the distance dilemma in field research having collated findings from a series of research studies by the researchers. It therefore enforces the reliability of the findings. The researchers also adequately and appropriately refer to secondary sources to put

Body Image and the Media Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Body Image and the Media - Article Example The magazine is complex, reaching out to many people of different ages. With that in mind, the publishers have to devise a marketing plan that would cater to the people who read the magazine and these readers have a lot of age difference. Therefore, their ads and their articles must be generic enough to accommodate African-American women of all ages. However, they must also be specific enough to cater to African-American women and enable them to identify themselves with the magazine. The magazine also caters to the fact that people of another color would be wanting to read the specific title. This paper attempts to analyze the contents of the magazine. How it is formatted to fit into the tastes of the readers. The first ten pages of the magazine are more on advertisements. As the magazine is catered for American-American women, the advertisements are geared towards women and are mostly of beauty products. Hair product advertisements are also numerous, as it is known that African-American women value their hair a lot. The advertisements feature black women as well. The black women models project the image of being successful, beautiful and having it all. There is also an ad that features a non-African-American woman, but that is the only advertisement that features a non-colored model. It was an advertisement for Loreal. Skin products are also advertised, such as lotions and baby oils. These products promote skin moisture. The skin of African-Americans is quite prone to dryness, and when the skin gets dry, ash-like substances appear on the skin. Thus, the advertisement is understandable as its major clientele needs the product as part of their grooming. There are at least three skin moisturizing products that are advertised in the first ten pages of the magazine.

The Role of the Environment Agency in the Improvement of UK Essay

The Role of the Environment Agency in the Improvement of UK Air-Quality - Essay Example Its mission, as outlined in its Corporate Plan 2011-2015, is to protect and improve the environment and make it a better place for people and wildlife. Specific goals include: 1. to reduce the risks to people and properties from flooding; 2. ensure adequate supply of water; 3. protect air, land and water quality and apply environmental standards within which industry can operate; 4. reduce climate change; and, 5. help people and wildlife to adapt to its consequences (EA, 2011, p.2). As cited in the above mission and goals, one of the tasks of the Environment Agency is to ensure air quality in the country. This is the main focus of this research. This paper will examine whether the Environment Agency is effective in achieving its objectives in terms of the air quality standards in the United Kingdom. The Role of the Environment Agency According to Hopwood, Unerman and Fries (2010, p.22), the Environment Agency is one body that can exert pressure on central government on issues of sust ainability. This is also evident in the breadth of jurisdiction as well as the strength of authority given to the agency in addressing environmental issues. ... According to Wolf (2010, p.28), these tasks include: a) the bureaucratic task of processing paperwork relating to the issue of licences/permits to pollute and notices to take action regarding pollution problem identified by the regulator; and, b) policing compliance with the relevant licences/permits, notices and other regulatory control, which involves the regulator in monitoring and enforcement roles. These requirements were satisfied with the creation of the Environment Agency, tasked to oversee the protection of the environment as a whole and unified the regulatory powers that cover the air, land, and water. Based on the above factors, one can assume that the agency has the power to make meaningful changes in areas within its scope. Air Quality Objectives In order to evaluate the performance of the Environment Agency specific to air pollution, it is important to outline the objectives it has been working to achieve in this area. These objectives are contained in the larger Air Qu ality Strategy, mandated by The Environment Act of the 1995, which created the Environment agency. The strategy was finally drafted and adopted in 1997 and it contained standards, objectives and measures for improving ambient air quality (DEFRA, 2007, p.9). The strategy has undergone several modifications such as those introduced in 2003, which tightened several of its objectives and added newer ones. The most updated was the strategy released in 2007, which outlined the following objectives: the government will ensure that all citizens have access to outdoor air without significant risk to their health; the standards for setting objectives are set purely with regard to scientific and medical evidence

Marketing For A Non Profit Organisation Commerce Essay

Marketing For A Non Profit Organisation Commerce Essay A non-profit organization is used to depict an organization that exists to accomplish some other objectives than the usual objective profit return on investment or market share (Lamb, 167). In both cases, service business and non-profit organizations are involved in the marketing of services and regularly call for the customers to be there in the course of the production process. Both business and non-profit organization services vary widely from different producer and form time to time even from the same producer. Marketing as regards non-profit organizations is the attempt made by non-profit organization to convey equally fulfilling interactions with the intended markets. Whereas, these organizations differ in complexity and function and operate in varying settings, majority perform some the following functions; recognizing customers they aspire to serve or attract but they regards them as clients, members or patients, stipulate their objectives openly, make a decision what to charge for but use such terms like rates, fees, donations, fare or tuition, plan events that establish where they will located be and where services will be given and communicate about their accessibility by use of brochures, announcements or publics. Frequently non-profit organizations involved in the above named functions do not become conscious they are involved in marketing (Lamb, 167). Marketing in non-profit organizations Marketing is unusual idea for majority of the non profit making organisations. Non-profit organisations are required to understand that marketing is more than just the old sense of selling or getting donations (Blythe, 54). In non -profit organisation, marketing is a means of fulfilling the desires of the consumer and donor. Among the steps a non-profit organisation should take in order to achieve it marketing goals include; identifying the organisations marketing targets facilitates the organisation to discover opportunities and explore them. The identification of marketing targets gives the organisation information required to concentrate on buyers that are interested in what the organisation is offering. Among the three prime areas a non-profit organisation should recognize while creating a marketing strategy include, market goals, communications target and buying target. The target market is who the organisations marketing efforts are focused on. The target market is also the group which the organisation would like to sell its products or services to. This is a group who have an attention in what the organisation is offering. The target market of anon-profit organisation can be divided into segments which can include population, age groups or income levels. The purchasing target of an organisation is used to depict the persons or businesses which are contained in the organisations target market and require the organisations products or services and can actually manage to pay for it. The method of informing the target customers of your products is the communication target (Blythe, 56). Communication target is also used to refer to the various methods or styles employed by the organisation to get to the identified target market. In coming up with marking plans, marketing managers of non-profit organizations must make many choices. These alternatives might include adjustments to programs, adverting, changes in public relations and collaboration with partners. Marketing managers normally make choices on those elements to which they have command of such as the amounts to be apportioned to marketing. These factors are known as convenient variables since they can be altered by the marketing manager. Under normal situations, many forces work outside the control of the marketing manager, such as new laws or environmental changes. These factors are regarded as uncontrollable variables. Managers involved inn marketing planning must make decisions about which controllable variables to control for them to accomplish organizational objectives. Marketing orientation of non-profit organizations A non-profit organization has a marketing focus if it depends on marketing strategies to accomplish its goals. A non-profit organization with a marketing focus employs the array of marketing tasks to gain funds and develop good relationships. When a non-profit is marketing focused, its different units and programs are coordinated to further the mission of the organization, achieve the goals of the organization and communicate a reliable and focussed message to clients , donors volunteers and target public. When all units of a non-profit organization work towards a familiar ambition, there is unity and focus and this result to higher success and steadiness eliminating lack of focus on the purpose. In addition, when all units of an organization are working in harmony and delivering a steady message outwardly, vital areas obtain a clear understanding of the organizations uniqueness and value. A marketing focus enables the non-profit focus outwardly and the staff will focus on their acti vities and their programs. Non-profits mission statement. The mission statement of a non-profit organization should be short and very clear to the point and it should also outline the extent of the organization and should also be realistic, unique, appealing. In addition, a non-profits mission statement is required to spell out three magnitudes of an organizations extent that include; the intended public who the organization intends to serve, the needs of the intended public and the technologies which the non-profit will employ to meet the needs of the publics. The feasibility aspect of a non-profit mission statement describes that it is required to really be capable of accomplishing its mission with the available resources. Furthermore, non-profit mission statement is required appealing to the staff of the organization and volunteers, motivating them by hard work and impediments that are likely to occur. Finally, a non-profits mission statement is required to be exclusive to the organizations it is defined fo r. The general mission of a non-profits and any future planned to the undertaking should be issues to be dealt with the management or directors of the organization. Mission statement should be not be prone to recurrent changes and should be drafted such that technological, market or environmental changes do not occasion for radical redefining. Change in a non-profit organizations mission statement should only be done if only required to preserve reliability and significance. Strategic objectives to accomplish mission in non-profit organization When managers of non-profit organizations are pressured to control resources, get fund s and develop programs to accomplish the mission like saving lives, reducing disability or distributing food. They are required to begin by conducting a strategic analysis of the market to have a clear understanding of what the market requires perceptions, morals and competitiveness. Form an in-depth result of market analysis, the mangers can then be capable of setting the main strategic objectives of the organization. The strategic objectives of a non-profit organization declare the where the organization is focused towards. Strategic objectives need to be clearly stated with marketing and other goals at the lesser units of the organization. Strategic objectives should be drawn in a hierarchal order beginning with the most important to the least importance. The strategies should be equated in numerical values so that their accomplishment can be evaluated without bias. The strategies should also be practicable and dependable with light of the resources available. After developing the organization strategic objectives, then each of the units within the organization should have its specific objectives defined to meet part of the organization objectives depending on its role and competence. The procedure should be repetitive at all levels of the organization, so that it bring into line personal goals to departmental goals and departmental goals to unit goals and finally unit goals matching with the whole organization goals (Wymer et al.,31). Tactical marketing and planning in non-profit organizations The top management teams of non-profit organizations as well as the board of directors are involved in making choices concerning the future direction, objectives and goals of the organization. This engagement is regarded to as strategic planning. Marketing strategies include such activities like, event organizing, marketing study, fund raising, public relations and advertising. A non-profit organization utilizes strategic marketing through coordinated and integrated use of marketing tactics to accomplish its objectives (Kolb, 87). A strategic marketing plan describes a comprehensive plan of marketing activities to be executed over a given period of time to facilitate a non-profit organization to accomplish its objectives and goals. Strategic marketing planning for a non-profit organization involves the practice of collecting information and creating procedures to develop the strategic plan of marketing. Managers of majority of non-profit organizations in the past have not been engaging in strategic planning since they had not had formal training in business field or prior knowledge in that field. The other reason is because non-profit mangers normally start off the organization with a few employees and volunteers who are involved in doing much of the work in initiating the non-profit and non-profit managers believe they do not have time to commit in strategic analysis and planning (Wymer et al., 89). Strategic analysis and planning is very vital for non-profit organizations since they are also concerned about effectiveness and efficiency in selection about spending their resources. With increased competition and requirements for responsibility, having a plan based on through analysis of market is a requirement. In addition, plans enable non-profit organizations to coordinate activities for a given period of time such that activities that need to be accomplished ahead of others are done on time (Wymer et al., 89). Plans facilitate non-profits to set timescales for their various projects and activities. Successful plans should not only be based on market analysis but should also be distributed all through the organization and when everyone has access to the written plan non-profit witness better communication all through. With plans which have in-depth strategic analysis assists in keeping non-profits concentrating on their mission, and preserving the reliability of their organizat ion instead of swaying away due to short term goals. Strategic marketing and analysis planning for non-profit Need-focussed orientation analysis, in this step the strategists required to expose the effect of non-profits present situation. Information, regarding the level of need-focussed situation of non-profit organization can be gleaned by consultation with non-profit mangers, volunteers and employees or by reading past reports (Wymer et al., 101). Managers of non-profit organizations may also enlist the help of volunteers or board members who have knowledge in marketing to assist in the need-focused orientation analysis. New product development process analysis; since majority of offers pass through lifecycles that can easily be predicted for growth to death stage. With a well planned new product development plan in place, a non-profit can predict and evaluate and work through the creation of the best products/ services or programs in addition to or substitute those close to decline. With a formal approach will ensure new concepts are given timely and suitable consideration and the role of coming up with new offers is defined. Analysis of non-profit organization positioning; Since non-profit organizations compete with other organizations for grants, donations and tax monies employees and volunteers, understanding positioning of a non-profit is thus a vital tool for survival and growth. Analysts of non-profits organizations are bound to evaluate the present situation of the non-profit together with the position of its products, services or programs as seen by the current and prospective clients, donors and intended public (Wymer et al., 101). The main goal of positioning analysis is to provide a strategic explanation of what is displayed by perception maps. Analysis of competitiveness of a non-profit organization; If a non-profit organization is not acquainted about each competitor, the search for relevant information will provide at least a bit of information and insight regarding the offers of competitors and activities that can have significance on the non-profits plans. When a market analyst gives out the findings of putting into practice a specific strategy, the no-profit will be able to gauge the real and intended competition response and its results. Analysis of financial status for a non-profit organization; Effective strategic planning requires excellent financial analysis. Accounting for cash flows, margins, breakevens and donations present useful models for planning. Majority f non-profits have specialists in accounting and finance either on their board of directors who aid in financial analysis and the final assessment of choices. Assessment of clients needs in non-profit organizations; Identifying what the clients needs are and where, when and how they can best be met is a vital task. Non-profits clients can be individuals who use the offers of the non-profit or they can be donors. Complex efforts to try to comprehend the needs of the non-profits client are the reason why clients of their own needs differing form experts discernment. Apparently, non-profits have an ethical role for the result of the selection about the needs to serve and those not to serve. Defining alternative strategies in non-profit organizations Strategic alternatives are required to include the 4Ps product, place, promotion and price. Every alternative strategy created needs to be the organizations best tactic to that strategic course. For instance, an alternative for health care offering non-profit may be to spread out their offer in another nation, or redefine its offer to include the target public in its country of foundation. Analysts need not to build up strategic alternatives that are similar except where they are for one area. All alternative strategies should be copied from the situational analysis. Marketing mix for non-profit organisations The marketing mix for non-profit organisations include four factors that are controllable which are, price, promotion, product and place, (Wymer, et al., 122). The four variables can also be joined to form market demand and enable dealings and that needs to be considered when it comes to achieving the public targets. The four factors that can be controlled are in most cases known as the 4 Ps, the price depicts the financial or nonmonetary costs, and promotion depicts the marketing communication with the intended audience. By understanding that even non-profit organisations can control these variables, is vital in making choices about distribution of resources. How to define the offer in non-profit organisations According to, (Wymer et al., 123), an offer in a non-profit organisation is used to describe any combination of benefits in a product, service or social marketing program that can fulfil a need or a want of the target market of an organization. In non-profit organizations offers are not easy to recognize since they do not comprise of tangible products and are in most cases, social marketing programs or services. Product offers are often tangible i.e. can be felt or handled or non-perishable and can also be inventoried i.e. stored for future use. On the contrary, services are intangible, inseparable for the provider, perishable and in some cases they vary depending on the provider on their quality and cannot be stored for later use. Marketing of social program is in most cases difficult to define since they are not tangible, consumable, and in separable than services. Marketing of social programs is often a referred to as issues marketing, social ethics marketing or behavioural change marketing. Matrix of a non-profit model Though models were created for business organizations, non-profit managers still have make a decision the most suitable mix of offers to use. The Gomes/ Knowles Customer Value/Mission (CV/M) model facilitates managers of non-profit to analyze their offers in two extents that are directly related to the non-profit and truthfulness to the mission of the organization and the apparent customer value. The Customer Value/Mission model is utilized to address the needs of managers of non-profit organizations to accomplish non-monetary objectives inherent to their missions as well as be focused on the client by considering present and intended public discernment of the offers by the organization. Social marketing programs marketers aim those programs to persuade attitudes regarding health, lifestyle or social behaviour and in due course the behaviour of their audiences. Thus, attitudes that are as a consequence of social marketing programs do not come into existence independently without the target public. Social marketing programs and services are in most cases difficult to describe since they are more undefined than tangible goods. For example, the offer for International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies offers characterized disaster management programs, such as disaster management, disaster, preparedness, and response to disaster. In disaster preparedness program may encompass capacity evaluation, vulnerability and better programming initiatives. In addition, both disaster response and disaster management can encompass many subprograms of their own. In marketing for a non-profit organization, the direct consumers of the product or service are known as the client publics while the indirect consumers are known as the general publics. For instance, the student body in a university form its client public while the trustees and the alumni form the general publics (Pride and Ferrel, 375). The client publics are given more attention when an organization creates a marketing strategy. Creating a marketing mix for non-profit organizations. A marketing mix strategy confines the choices and concentrates the marketing activities towards accomplishment of organizational objectives. The marketing strategy needs to encompass a plan for decision making regarding product, promotion, distribution and price. These decision factors need to be merged to serve the aimed market. In coming up with the product, a non-profit an organization in most cases develops concepts and services. Hindrances, may crop up in case an organization fails to classify what it is offering. For instance, Peace Corps, offers vocational training services, health services, society development and nutritional assistance. It also markets concepts regarding international collaboration and execution of the foreign policy of United States. Therefore, Peace Corps, product is complicated to illustrate than common business products. The marketing of services which are intangible requires a more marketing endeavour (Pride and Ferrel, 375). Marketing of information and concepts similarly is more difficult than tangibles and much more effort is therefore required in order to gain any returns. Decisions regarding distribution in non-profit organizations are associated to how ideas and services are to be made accessible to the customers. In case the product in offered is an idea, then the choice of the correct media to communicate the idea will fasten the process of distribution. By nature services, are comprised of assistance, availability and convenience. Accessibility is therefore part of the total service. Making a product such as health services accessible requires knowledge regarding retailing ideas such as the location of the health facility. Creating a distribution channel to manage and enable the movement of non-profit products to consumers is a vital role which requires the overhaul of the long-established idea of marketing channel. There is no incorporation of independent wholesalers, in non-profit marketing situations, since the product flow from non-profit organization to the client. The creation and utilization of ideas and services are in most cases instantan eous. Creating promotional decisions might be the first indication that non-profit organization perform as marketing activities. Non-profit organizations utilize advertising and publicity to be in touch with public and customers. Direct mail remains the major method of raising funds for social services like those offered by Red Cross and Special Olympics. Environmental conservation focussed organizations usually face the obstacle in endorsement materials, on how to commune using environmental friendly materials like recycled paper and atmosphere sensitive inks. Progressively more, non-profits organizations have come to use the internet to access fundraising and promotional objectives by use of email, and soft ware that facilitate accepting internet gifts (Pride and Ferrel, 375). Majority of non-profit organizations are also using personal selling, although using another name. Charity organizations and churches depend on personal selling when they send off volunteers to enlist new members and ask for for contributions. Special occasions to collect funds, offer services and communicate ideas are successful promotional activities. For instance, Amnesty International, held a global concert tours featuring renowned musicians to raise funds and create public awareness of political prisoners around the globe ( Pride and Ferrel, 375). Even though, product promotional practices might need only slight adjustment when utilized to non-profit organizations, the pricing is differing and making of decision is complicated. Among the pricing concepts faced by a non-profit organization include pricing in user and donor markets. The two types of pricing methods utilized by non-profit organizations include, fixed and variable pricing. Under fixed pricing, there is a fixed fee for the users or the price might differ depending on the users capability to pay. In a situation, where a donation seeking organization accepts any donation, then its using variable pricing. In developing marketing strategies for non-profit organizations the broadest description of price need to be used. The financial price or exact dollar value might not be charged in a non-profit item. Opportunity cost is the value of the foregone benefit by giving up one alternating and selecting another. Based on this traditional view of pricing non-profit organizations influences individuals to donate time towards a cause or change his or her behaviour are the paid by the individual. For instance, unpaid assistants who answer telephone calls for a university psychotherapy service or suicide hotline, give up their time which they could other wise have spent studying or doing other things and the income they forego from working in a for-profit organization (Pride and Ferrel, 376). In other non-profit organizations, financial cost is a vital component of the marketing mix. Nowadays, non-profit organizations are raising capital by raising the costs of the services they offer, or have started charging for services which initially were not charging for. Non-profit marketing organizations use marketing studies to establish the kinds of products their target market would be ready and willing to pay for. The pricing strategies of non-profit organizations, in most cases focus on the welfare of the client and public over equalization of costs and revenues. Where more funds are required to cover costs, the organization might plead for contributions or grants Beamish, (Karen and Ashford, 225). In marketing for non-profit organizations, the marketing is geared towards non-business objectives as well as social causes. The marketing uses the same ideas that apply to business situations. Whereas the main beneficiary in a business enterprise is the owners, in case of a non-profit organization, the beneficiary should be the clients, the larger public or its members. The objective of a non-profit organization is to portray its exclusive philosophy. The marketing objective of non-profit organization is to obtain required reaction for the intended public. Creating a marketing strategy for a non-profit organization consists of defining and analyzing the intended market and developing and preserving the marketing mix. In marketing of non-profit organization, the product is in most cases a concept or a service (Beamish, Karen and Ashford, 258). Distribution is aimed at announcement of ideas and deliverance of services and the effect is just a short marketing channel. Promotion is very vital to non-profit organization marketing. Among the promotional strategies utilized by non-profit organization include; publicity, personal selling, and advertising to inform the public and the clients. Distinctive features of non-profit organization marketing strategies In the same way like other business organizations, mangers of non-profit organizations develop marketing strategies to bring about equally rewarding interactions with the intended markets (Lamb, Hair and Mc Daniel, 364). Marketing in non-profit organization is different in various ways such as the goal setting, choice of intended markets and creation of suitable marketing mixes. In the private sector, businesses are driven by the profit goal, and its used as a guideline for decision making and criteria for assessing results. On the contrary, non-profit organizations do not search for profits for redistribution to the owners or shareholders. For instance, the Methodist church does not assess its achievement by the amount of cash left in the offering baskets, but the quality and level of service it has been able to provide. Majority of non-profit organizations are required to offer reasonable, effective and efficient services that take action to the needs and likings of multiple constituents who include the users, donors, politicians, payers media and general public. Non-profit organizations do not evaluate their success or failure in firmly monetary terms Lamb, (Charles, Hair and Mc Daniel, 364). The absence of monetary bottom line and the existence of multiple, different, intangible and in some cases vague objectives make giving precedence objectives, decision making and performance assessment difficult for non-profit managers. Non-profit organizations managers must therefore use different approaches from those used by in the private sector business. Intended markets Three distinctive features associated to target markets are exclusive to non-profit organizations. Apathetic targets, whereas private businesses usually give priority to those markets that are probable to act in response to specific offering, non-profits frequently target those who are indifferent about to receiving their services such as vaccinations, psychological counselling and family planning guidance. Non- profit organizations in most cases are pressured to accept undifferentiated segmentation strategies. In certain cases, they fall short of identifying the benefits of targeting or undifferentiated approach may materialize to present economies of scale and low per capital costs. In other, circumstances, non-profit organizations are strained to provide the highest number of individuals by targeting the average user. The difficulty of creating services that target the average user is that there are few average users thus the approach fails to please any market sector Lamb, (Hair, and Mc Daniel, 365). Balancing positioning, The main role of majority of non-profit organizations is to offer services, with available resources to those who are not effectively served by private organizations. Due to this, non-profit organizations in most cases must harmonize rather than struggle with the efforts of others. The spotting undertaking of non-profit organizations is to recognize the poorly served market segments and develop marketing programs to match their needs instead of targeting the places that might offer higher profits. For instance, a university library might view itself as complementing the services of a public library instead of being a rival to it. Product uniqueness between business and non-profit organizations Instead of having simple products concepts, non-profit organizations in most cases market complicated attitudes and ideas. For instance, need to exercise, or eat correct foods, not smoke tobacco, not to drink and drive. The benefits attained from such ideas and messages are complex, intangible, long term and more difficult to commune to clients (Lamb, Hair and Mc Daniel, 365). Strength of the benefits. The benefit strength of majority offerings by non-profit organizations is weak or indirect. To the general public or consumers, there are no individual direct benefits of donating blood, or even requesting the neighbours to donate money to a charity. On the contrary, service business offers their customers direct personal gains in trade. Majority of non-profit organizations are involved in marketing products that bring forth very little involvement such as (Do not Litter) or high involvement such as (Stop smoking). The range for private sector products is a bit narrower. The traditional promotional tools may not be satisfactory to stimulate acceptance of either high or low involvement products. Place distribution decisions The success of a non-profit organization offering is evaluated by its ability to distribute its service offering to intended customers groups at the time they need it and at a suitable location. For instance, majority of land-grant universities in USA provide extension programs throughout their states in order to get to the general public. In addition, some education institutions also present classes to student in locations outside the campus through interactive video equipment. The extent of a service depends on the fixed facilities required for it to be effective and implications for its distribution. Normally services such as rail, beach skating can only are delivered only a particular point. However, majority of non-profit services do not rely on special services to be provided. For instance counselling only needs the meeting of counsellors and the clients (Lamb, Hair and Mc Daniel, 366). Promotional decisions Majority of non-profit organizations are outlawed form openly form advertising therefore limit their opportunity for endorsement. In some cases, some non-profit organizations do not have the funds to pay for advertisements promotion consultants or marketing staff. Among the few special promotional options available for non-profit organizations include; Non-profit organizations, in most cases look for marketing or advertising professionals to assist them create and execute promotion strategies. In certain situations, a marketing agency gives its service in substitute for potential long term benefits (Lamb, Hair, and Mc Daniel, 366). In most cases services given out freely build goodwill individual contacts and general alertness of the donors organization capability and character. Sales promotion activities that utilize existing services or other resources are progressively more being used to create awareness to the offering of non-profit organizations. In other case, non-profit charities work together with other companies to get promotional activities. Use of public service advertising involves an announcement aimed at support a program of a federal, state or non-profit organization. Contrary to business