Athens and Sparta :: essays research papers fc

During the catamenia of Greek history from the last years of the Persian Wars till the beginning of the head start Peloponnesian War, the primacy of Sparta declined whilecapital of Greece was gaining increased influence in Greece. The Athenian, Thucydides (460-400 BC), one among few contemporary historians, left behind the most creditable records about this period. Although he did not do enough documentation for numerous events he described, his Histories remained the main resource of the facts from that time. In consideration of the fact that he was an Athenian and a participant of the Athenian army, future day historians could not entirely count upon his writing.In the 480-479 BC there was great anxiety about the strength and magnitude of the Persian threat. Although the Greeks had managed to force Persians retreat from the Greek mainland, the danger of reconquest by the Persians was still present. In the battle of Plataea (479 BC), the Greeks, under the Spartan regent and g eneral Pausanians, obliterated the Persian army. The Greeks also won a naval victory at Mycale. Although the war drugged on for many years, these two victories mark the end of the Persian threat to Europe and the beginning of the period of Greek greatness.The idea of panhellenism - the awareness of Greek unity- appeared as a reaction to the fear of the Persian invasion. This is how Persia helped the Greece to recognise their identity, which gave significance to the year 479 BC to be marked as the beginning of the Classical Greek period. At the other side, the year 479 BC does not represent a vital turning-point in politics. Spartas swear over her allies was still unbroken. After the Greeks triumph on Plataea, when the fear of the Persian invasion decreased, the idea of the united Greeks started diminishing. Phthonos (envy) was what characterised the relationship between Sparta and Athens, and between many other city-states after the Persian Wars. Their rivalry was constant. The mo st important direct result of the wars was the establishment of Athens as dominant Greek naval power. This gave Athens the opportunity to create, in the years to come, an extensive empire over the new-sprung(prenominal)ly won territories which had no parallel in earlier Greek history. A new political order emerged among the Greek states centred on the two great powers of Athens and Sparta that was to have a profound effect on later Greek history.

Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

scarlet letter as a symbol The Scarlet Letter As a Symbol Often end-to-end The Scarlet Letter there are symbolic references made. The story deals with a Puritan woman who commits adultery and raises an illegitimate child named Pearl. The author, Nathanial Hawthorne, uses many unearthly and vivid images to symbolize different points. One of the purposes of this symbolism is to show that Puritanism is hypocritical and that their religious viewpoints are against the natural order, which is through with(p) by using contrasting natural and religious symbols in the descriptions of Pearl. Also through out the book, Hawthorne uses the letter as a major symbol. At the beginning of the story, the letter is a symbol of sin. The sin was adultery. Hester has had transaction with man while she had a husband. At the time, she wasnt aware that her husband was still alive. The evidence of her actions was her daughter, Pearl. For her sentence, Hester would have to wear the letter A and also wea r on the scaffolds in the afternoon. In later chapters, the letter evolves into able. Some years after the beginning of the incident, Hester has tried to move on with her life and has become a big help to her community. She is well liked for her art in sewing, and is also helpful towards the sick and the dying. Most of the townspeople have forgotten what has happened and have true Hester for who she is and not what she has done. The product of Hesters sin was also a symbol used in the book. Pearl was always a symbol for her sin. She was the evidence that convicted Hester. In one part of the story, Hester and Pearl visit the Governor and Pearl is dressed up in a red dress with gold trim. She was described as resembling the letter on her mothers chest. Hester character is shown here because by dressing Pearl up to look like the letter, she admits that she is not ashamed of what she has done and what has come out of it. In the second scaffold scene, a scarlet A appears in the sky abov e Dimmesdale, Hester, and Pearl. In this scene, the letter actually represents deuce things. One of them is angel. One of the townsmen has just passed away and they believed that it was his angel overhead. The second symbol is forgiveness.

Pips Shadow Parents in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay

Pips Shadow Parents in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Both Miss Havisham and Magwitch are powerful influences on Pips life, in a psychological, and to some extent physical, manner. In this essay, I hope to explore these influences, and investigate what affects they have on Pips development. Naturally, the fact that Pip is an orphan, and never knew his parents, means there is space for characters to come in and fill a definite, parental control. The novel echoes many of Dickenss own life experiences- he had a strained relationship with his parents when they were condemned to imprisonment for debt difficulties. The sense of abandonment and sudden cognisance of the fragility of class distinctions he experienced during this time was to haunt him for the rest of his life, and this is mirrored by the great contrast in, shadow parents. On the one overstep we have the wealthy Miss Havisham, inhabiting a decaying yet grand mansion, and on the other we have a hardened criminal emerging from the gloomy marshes. The enterprise chapter gives the reader a powerful idea of how Pip is suffering from having no identity, as Pip seeks to find his role in an inhospitable world. The windswept, barren step to the fore of mud, mist and water provides the perfect setting for a frantic convict to emerge. In his search for his origins, Pip seems to have created a second father in Magwitch, who turns him upside down metaphorically as well as literally, and places him on his parents tombstone. In the short term, the introduction of Magwitch gives Pip a sudden responsibility, which makes him confront the waste methods of discipline employed by Mrs Joe as h... ... criminal, violent attributes, and return to menace Pip, and Miss Havisham to be his saviour and helper in his quest to become a gentleman. In a journal format, Dickens needed to employ many plot twists, as Magwitch turns out to be the mysterious benefactor, and Miss Havisham the manipulative titan who psychologically hurts and confuses Pip in so many ways. It is difficult to say who is the best shadow parent, because although Magwitch supplies the money which sees Pip through becoming a gentleman, in his own mind Pip is motivated by Miss Havisham and has visions of achieving great wealth and wedding Estella. If we look at the novel in hindsight, we can purpose that Magwitch is the superior shadow parent as he is clearly dedicated to helping Pip, where as Miss Havisham does nothing but psychologically twist him.

Carl Gustav Jung Essay -- Biographies Research Psychology Essays

Carl Gustav JungCarl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was born on July 26, in the small village of Kesswil on Lake Constance. He was named after his grandfather, a professor of medicine at the University of Basel. He was the oldest squirt and save surviving son of a Swiss Reform pastor. Carl attended the University of Basel and decided to go into the field of psychiatry after reading a agree that caught his interest. Jung became an auxiliary at the Burgholzli Mental hospital, a famous medical hospital in Zurich. He put forwardvass under, and was influenced by Eugen Bleuler, a famous psychiatrist who delimit schizophrenia. Jung was besides influenced by Freud, with whom he later became good friends. Their relationship ended when Jung wrote a book called Symbols of Transformation. Jung disagreed with Freuds fundamental idea that a symbol is a disguise agency of a repressed wish (Heaney, 1994). After splitting up with Freud, Jung had a 2 year period of non-productivity, but then he cam e turn out with his mental Types, a famous work. He went on several trips to learn about primitive societies and archetypes. His explorations included trips to Africa, New Mexico to study Pueblo Indians, and to India and Ceylon to study eastern philosophy. He studied religious and occult beliefs like I Ching, a Chinese method of fortune telling. Alchemy became one of his interests during his journeys. His book, psychological science and Alchemy, published in 1944, is among his almost pregnant writings. In this study, he told about the human mind. One of his methods was word association. This is when a someone is given a series of words and asked to respond to them. affected response or hesitation can mean that the person has a complex about that word. His basic belief was in complex or analytical psychology. The determination is psychosynthesis, or the unification and differentiation of the psyche (mind). He believed that the mind started out as a whole and should stay that way. That answered structural, dynamic, developmental questions. Jung is best know for his opening of The three levels of the mind (Aurelio, 1995).DiscussionThe three levels of the mind theory includes the ego (conscious), characterl unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious level serves four functions. It is the part of the disposition that carries out normal daily activities thinking, feeling, sensing, an... ...a shattering of a personality (Heaney, 1994). I decided to do my research on Carl Jung because he is not discussed much in the textbook. I find his theory of conscious and unconscious very interesting. I believe the thoughts of persona and ego without a doubt. When ones ego is shot down, a person can tend to develop a complex about it. I also agree that people tend to have a different persona found on where they are at and how they are expected to act around certain people.Works CitedAurelio, Jeanne M. (1995). Using Jungian archetypes to explore deeper lev els of organizationalculture. diary of attention Inquiry, 4, 347-369.Heaney, Liam F. (1994). Freud, Jung and Joyce Conscious connections. Contemporary Review,265, 28-32.Jurkevich, Gayana. (1991). Unamunos intrahistoria and Jungs collective unconscious parallels,convergences, and common. Comparative Literature, 43, 43-60.Kremer, Jurgen W. (1999). Facing the collective shadow. Revision, 22, 2-5.Mannis, Robert F. (1997). Jung and his shadow. Utne Reader, 84, 91-94.Neher, Andrew. (1996). Jungs theory of archetypes a critiques. Journal of HumanisticPsychology, 36, 61-92. Carl Gustav Jung Essay -- Biographies Research Psychology EssaysCarl Gustav JungCarl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was born on July 26, in the small village of Kesswil on Lake Constance. He was named after his grandfather, a professor of medicine at the University of Basel. He was the oldest child and only surviving son of a Swiss Reform pastor. Carl attended the University of Basel and decided to go into th e field of psychiatry after reading a book that caught his interest. Jung became an assistant at the Burgholzli Mental hospital, a famous medical hospital in Zurich. He studied under, and was influenced by Eugen Bleuler, a famous psychiatrist who defined schizophrenia. Jung was also influenced by Freud, with whom he later became good friends. Their relationship ended when Jung wrote a book called Symbols of Transformation. Jung disagreed with Freuds fundamental idea that a symbol is a disguised representation of a repressed wish (Heaney, 1994). After splitting up with Freud, Jung had a 2 year period of non-productivity, but then he came out with his Psychological Types, a famous work. He went on several trips to learn about primitive societies and archetypes. His explorations included trips to Africa, New Mexico to study Pueblo Indians, and to India and Ceylon to study eastern philosophy. He studied religious and occult beliefs like I Ching, a Chinese method of fortune telling. Alch emy became one of his interests during his journeys. His book, Psychology and Alchemy, published in 1944, is among his most important writings. In this study, he told about the human mind. One of his methods was word association. This is when a person is given a series of words and asked to respond to them. Abnormal response or hesitation can mean that the person has a complex about that word. His basic belief was in complex or analytical psychology. The goal is psychosynthesis, or the unification and differentiation of the psyche (mind). He believed that the mind started out as a whole and should stay that way. That answered structural, dynamic, developmental questions. Jung is best known for his theory of The three levels of the mind (Aurelio, 1995).DiscussionThe three levels of the mind theory includes the ego (conscious), personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious level serves four functions. It is the part of the personality that carries out normal daily ac tivities thinking, feeling, sensing, an... ...a shattering of a personality (Heaney, 1994). I decided to do my research on Carl Jung because he is not discussed much in the textbook. I find his theory of conscious and unconscious very interesting. I believe the thoughts of persona and ego without a doubt. When ones ego is shot down, a person can tend to develop a complex about it. I also agree that people tend to have a different persona based on where they are at and how they are expected to act around certain people.Works CitedAurelio, Jeanne M. (1995). Using Jungian archetypes to explore deeper levels of organizationalculture. Journal of Management Inquiry, 4, 347-369.Heaney, Liam F. (1994). Freud, Jung and Joyce Conscious connections. Contemporary Review,265, 28-32.Jurkevich, Gayana. (1991). Unamunos intrahistoria and Jungs collective unconscious parallels,convergences, and common. Comparative Literature, 43, 43-60.Kremer, Jurgen W. (1999). Facing the collective shadow. Revisio n, 22, 2-5.Mannis, Robert F. (1997). Jung and his shadow. Utne Reader, 84, 91-94.Neher, Andrew. (1996). Jungs theory of archetypes a critiques. Journal of HumanisticPsychology, 36, 61-92.

John Staurt Mill - Electronic Democracy :: essays research papers

There is no difficulty in showing that the ideally best form of government is that in which the sovereignty, or supreme controlling power in the last resort, is vested in the entire aggregate of the community every citizen not only having a translator in the exercise of that ultimate sovereignty, but being, at least occasionally, called on to come to an active part in the government, by the personal discharge of just about public function, local or generalJohn Stuart Mill agreed that democracy was the form of government that could best secure the happiness of all. further the break is not just well-being, as earlier utilitarians argued, though it is that. The end that recommends it is the tendency to foster self-development and individuality. Representative government, is particular, he defended as that form which best encourages individuality. It leads great deal to take a more active and intelligent participation in society. It provides moral training and encourages the deve lopment of natural human sympathies. The result is the habit of looking at social questions from an impersonal perspective rather than that of self-interest. But Mills defense of democracy was much qualified. To be sure, he was, like the earlier utilitarians, sympathetic to the fall of the past regime and to the ends of the French Revolution. He strove to liberalize the press still severely bound by an absurd libel law that excluded effective social criticism. But influenced by Coleridge he had come to see that there were virtues in social systems, regular out-dated ones, else why would not have survived so long. He therefore came to prize the conservative arguments that unrestrained freedom is dangerous. Mill argued, reasonably on utilitarian grounds, that social institutions need to be adapted to the time and place where they operate. He even suggests that, since people must be properly fit if democracy is to function well, a despotic form of government, if well-run with this a im in mind, might prepare its people for the exercise of responsibilities of a free electorate. In his thinking about how best to administer a state as a whole, Mill argued that the best arrangement was one that relied upon professional skills.In a representative democracy, if you can control the majority, then you can control everyone. Like other tyrannies, the tyranny of the majority was at first, and is still vulgarly, held in dread, chiefly as operating through the acts of the public authorities.

John Staurt Mill - Electronic Democracy :: essays research papers

There is no difficulty in showing that the ideally best form of government is that in which the sovereignty, or dictatorial controlling power in the last resort, is vested in the entire aggregate of the community every citizen not only having a voice in the shape of that ultimate sovereignty, but being, at least occasionally, called on to take an active part in the government, by the personal discharge of some public function, local or generalJohn Stuart Mill agreed that democracy was the form of government that could best secure the happiness of all. But the end is not equitable well-being, as earlier utilitarians argued, though it is that. The end that recommends it is the tendency to foster self-development and individuality. Representative government, is particular, he defended as that form which best encourages individuality. It leads people to take a more than active and intelligent participation in society. It provides moral training and encourages the development of nat ural human sympathies. The result is the habit of looking at social questions from an achromatic perspective rather than that of self-interest. But Mills defense of democracy was much qualified. To be sure, he was, like the earlier utilitarians, sympathetic to the fall of the ancient regime and to the ends of the cut Revolution. He strove to liberalize the press still severely bound by an absurd libel law that excluded effective social criticism. But influenced by Coleridge he had come to see that there were virtues in social systems, even out-dated ones, else why would not have survived so long. He therefore came to appreciate the conservative arguments that uncurbed freedom is dangerous. Mill argued, reasonably on utilitarian grounds, that social institutions need to be adapted to the time and place where they operate. He even suggests that, since people essential be properly fit if democracy is to function well, a despotic form of government, if well-run with this aim in mind , might prepare its people for the exercise of responsibilities of a free electorate. In his thinking about how best to administer a state as a whole, Mill argued that the best administration was one that relied upon professional skills.In a representative democracy, if you can control the majority, then you can control everyone. Like other tyrannies, the tyranny of the majority was at first, and is still vulgarly, held in dread, chiefly as operating through the acts of the public authorities.

The Philosophy of Filipino Culture

Philosophy of Filipino socialization May 20, 2010 Crossing Cultures A Philosophical Reflection on Filipino Culture and Cultural Transition Experienced by Third Culture small frys Oh its a mystery to me. We have a greed, with which we have agreed and you think you have to fate more than you need until you have it all, you wont be free. Society, youre a crazy breed. I hope youre not lonely, without me. Eddie Vedder (Society)In a demesne that is becoming increasingly smaller as globalization takes its universal toll on countries and cultures, the sentiments expressed in the lyrics of this song often resonate with the individual guessing to find a genius of personal identity through society and looking overwhelmed by it. As we have learn in class, an individual tries to concretize him/herself by acting in the sphere as a dynamic X. This characteristic, as explained by Max Scheller, is a universal factor in presentnt in everyone that drives us as humans to try to find our ide ntity in a world that is constantly changing around us. macrocosm a Dynamic X we ourselves are constantly changing, and we carve up our smell of identity by comparing ourselves to the society around us to try and acquire a sense of who we are through achievement, careers, personal gustatory sensation of music, movies, literature and most importantly our name. It is through our name that we present ourselves and our capacity for historicity to the world. It is also through our name that we are known and recognized as incision of a society. Considering the inherent characteristic of being a Dynamic X and how we use it to derive a ense of identity, the most influential factor which we use as a reference to triangulate our identity is culture. Culture, as we have learned in class, tells us how to be a person amongst new(prenominal)s. The culture to which we are innate(p) into is something that we are affected by without having a conscious choice in how it affects us. As we devel op into adults, we imbibe the cultural values, customs and traits around us and course of study who we are through them. This process of imbibing a culture is forever ongoing, giving merit to the characteristic of being a Dynamic X.In its most general definition, culture can be seen as a code of systems and meanings which are unique amongst different diversities of people. Generally, most people are natural and raised in one dominant culture to which they identify with as their own. Reflecting on this definition of culture and how we go about imbibing it as we develop our sense of identity, the question that this paper will onset to answer is what happens if a person grows up in several different cultures and how does it affect their own sense of identity? Falling into this unique and exploitation demographic, I personally have realised growing up in several different cultures around the world. Being the son of a missionary couple, I have lived in three drastically different co untries and cultures throughout my life. Having spent my early childhood years swordplayding in Jos, Nigeria, I assimilated into my identity certain African characteristics that I still feel have a hold on who I am today. expending the bulk of my educational and developmental years here in the Philippines, I have also categorized my identity as being half-Filipino, an epiphany of sorts that only took stain in my life aft(prenominal) having experienced life alone in Philadelphia, PA U. S. A. All my life I have grown up with the mastermind that the U. S is my home. Even though my mother is a profuse blooded Filipina, we were conditioned as children to believe that the U. S is where we would ultimately settle. This shaped my sense of identity significantly epoch growing up as I utomatically assumed that because I was an American citizen at birth I was 100% American. All that changed, however, when I graduated high school here in the Philippines and started college in the U. S. I soon found myself to be far different from the Americans around me. Several aspects of American culture, one that I associated as my own growing up, became increasingly difficult to relate to. I finally decided during my sophomore year in college to hightail it back to the Philippines to finish my studies. I regard that decision as one of the best ones I have made in my life.As I locomote back here however, I also felt a severe distance and separation from the culture around me. This feeling led me to the realization that I was considerably different from people born exclusively into Filipino and American cultures. It was during my first months living back here that I realized I was a textbook example of what is known as a Third Culture Kid. According to sociologists David C. Pollock and Ruth E. Van Reken, a Third Culture Kid (TCK) is a person who has spent a signfificant part of his or her developmental years outside the parents culture.The TCK builds relationships to all of t he cultures, while not having full ownership in any. Although elements from each culture are assimilated into the TCKs life experience, the sense of belonging is in relationship to others of similar background. Throughout the last half of the 20th century, the TCK demographic has been growing significantly as international travel and commerce have been made extremely convenient. Being a type of identity, however, the TCK experience does not fully encapsulate what it means to be an individual, as the second sentence in the definition above points out.Lacking the option to own a culture or be fully recognized as a member of a society definitely affects the sense of individual identity of the TCK growing up. As experienced by me, the longing to be a fully integ evaluated member of a culture or society can form extreme insecurities and dys sportctions in a person if they do not focus on the advantages of what a TCK identity has to offer the world. Using my TCK identity as a framework for understanding the Filipino culture, hich I consider now to be the closest to my heart in terms of who I am, I will attempt to reflect on certain aspects of it that I found difficult to relate with and transition into my own sense of identity. Looking at these difficulties I experienced while transitioning back into the Filipino culture, a better sense of who I am the fundamental question of philosophy can be achieved. Also, in regarding these observations as lessons learned on my part, I can better understand how I interact and deal with people here in the Philippines, which has been a longing of mine for quite an some time now.The first aspect of Filipino culture that struck me as cultural barrier was Language. Even though I grew up here in the Philippines for the majority of my life, I was raised in an side of meat speaking home and school system. Although I can understand Tagalog fluently, and speak it swell up replete to get around the city and hold casual conversation s, my accent is what ultimately distinguishes me apart from other Filipinos. Filipino culture, while heavily influenced by American culture, is at the point were to fluently spoken English is somewhat looked down upon by the majority of the masses living here.A reason for this can obviously be found in the shift from English to Tagalog as the voice communication used in the educational system that took place a couple decades ago. This attitude towards English speakers has also been enhanced due to the rise in BPO and call centers here in Manila. Having trained communication skills in two different call centers here, I can say with conviction that people who work there, a large and growing percentage of workers aged 19-35, have a subtle disdain for the language that makes it difficult for fluent speakers of English to be accepted as members of this culture and society.This, obviously makes sense since the national language of this country is and should always be Tagalog. It does, ho wever, compel difficulties when trying to transition into this culture difficulties aided all the more by the fact that casual joking about English speakers (i. e. nosebleed jokes etc) have much become a social norm. ( Reflecting on this cultural barrier as a TCK and Filipino citizen, Ive come to realize the importance of language as a tool for the transmission of culture and values, as was stated in Berger and Lukmanns article on Institutionalism.Having undergone two years of being made fun of (lightly) for my Kano accent while speaking Tagalog, I have also realized that my identity as a TCK can adapt to the cultural bantering with a healthier attitude now days. I no longer feel insecure about my baluktot Tagalog and have come to accept that the Filipino culture pokes fun of me without any malice a characteristic of our culture that I have come to admire. Another aspect of the Filipino culture that I have had bar relating to and integrating into my own identity is the Shame-base d aspect of it.Having gone to an American based international school system, my attitude towards confrontation and wag was definitively American. This differs drastically from the Filipino culture, where embarrass is regarded as the ultimate social taboo. In American culture, there is a mutual understanding that confrontation and directness is the norm when addressing issues between people. This trickles down into the humor of Americans, which is based on practical jokes and oriented more towards embarrassment. This difference in mentality can create a lot of offense to Filipinos.On the other hand, the shame based cultural aspect of the Philippines can also create confusion to Filipino-Americans like me, who have experienced instances where a yes or no faculty not necessarily mean it. The confusion caused by this aspect of Filipino culture has dissipated over the time Ive spent integrating myself into it. I feel now that my humor is more Filipino than American, and I can understa nd the dynamics of the shame based culture works. In general, I feel that overcoming this transition into Filipino culture has significantly helped me understand who I am as a Filipino-American.All in all, these aspects of Filipino culture, which have been overcome and assimilated by me have made me realize how much my identity is inclined and oriented towards this culture. Another aspect of culture that we learned about in class was that it changes after behavior changes. Being passed down from generation to generation, this characteristic also defines culture as constantly changing. The most significant realization that occurred to me about my identity as a TCK in relation to this definition of culture was that I have been more prepared to adapt and tackle change.As technology develops faster and faster, the rate of change in cultures worldwide increases. The unique advantage that I have as a TCK is that change and transition has been occurring in my life ever since I could rememb er. With the culture of ours gradually morphing into a culture of pressure to achieve, others who are not used to change and transition might not handle it as well as I can. This is the main advantage of being influenced by multiple cultures while growing up and I can say that as the world continues to demand individual responses to change, I am perhaps better equipped to handling them because of my TCK experience.

Relationship of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Creativity

With the rapid increment of dynamic global sparing, increasingly countries argon seeking break through with(predicate)s of their saving development. Stimulated by these ever-increasing competition pressures, exploitation of new(a) ideas and businesses which are of great potential to thrive economies, accordingly, is gainning widespread attention (Mansfield, 1972 Wong et al. , 2005).In consequence, on a global scale, not only some developed countries with strong capability to befool and implement new ideas, but also some emerging developing countries, are taking measures to inspire entrepreneurship and revolution with purposes of benefiting frugal development from these competitive advantages (St onenessman, 1995 Zhao, 2001). It is universally held that entrepreneurship and insertion are complementary and their combination can efficiently contribute to economy performance (Grupp, 2001 Stoneman, 1995).During the transfer from idea creation to eventually economy development, fi rst appearance is supposed to be a necessary condition, but it also demonstrates great insufficiency which can be completed by entrepreneurships mediating rears (Audretsch, 1995 bivouac, 2005). This show will primarily conduct a brief definition of entrepreneurship and purpose while introduce the division of occupation solving and creativity, and thereby observe the synergy in the midst of entrepreneurship and innovation. Then theoretical and practical analysis will be made in their repective relationship with economy development.Ultimately, the holistic realtionship between entrepreneurship, in community with innovation, and economy development will be discussed. Entrepreneurship and innovation are inclined to be misinterpreted identical since they both indicate creation and new development, but meanings they rootly symbolize are distinctive. Innovation is an instrument that intergrates, disperses and upgrades extant techniques and knowledge, consequently acts as a conduit for achieveing knowledge spillovers and technique invention, and consequently endows existing materials with a new capacity (Drucker, 1985 Drucker, 1994).Creativity, which represents generating new ideas, is the foundation of innovation, since innovation originates from creaticity (Amabile, 1996 Lumsdaine and Binks, 2007). In the initial stage of development, creativity is implemented to generate a wide range of ideas, and in a later period, innovation will rest on these creative ideas and further develop their potential. Entrepreneurship, however, is a type of organizational behavior focvictimization on opportunities rather than materials (Miller, 1983 Stevenson and Gumpert, 1991).It primarily consists of exploiting opportunities from several(a) innovations, converting them into service or products, thereby commercializing it into market (Johnson, 2001). Problem solving spreads through their relationship and is connected with entrepreneurship in even every situation. It is the ba sis of generating ideas and then choosing the outflank for initiating and operating a prosperous business (Lumsdaine and Binks, 2007). In its definition stage, time is spent on searching for root causes and how the problem is inside correlated.Then in the denudation stage, energy will be concentrated on seeking plenty of ideas. In the following determination phrase, possible consequences will be considered by using criteria for success, and convert possibilities into practical application (Kirkham, Mosey and Binks, 2009). Arising from studies dealing with relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation, the synerty between them is generally accepted (Zhao, 2005). Firstly, entrepreneurship and innovation complement with each other (Zhao, 2001 Michael, 2005).On one hand, as Legge and Hindle (1997) convey observed, innovation is the special-purpose tool of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs exploit opportunities and seek commercial success resting on creative ideas selected and pr ovided by innovation (Zhao, 2001). Herbig and his colleagues (1994) take similar believe and hold that entrepreneurship is one of three primary components of innovation, and presence of entrepreneurship can to some extent guarantee successful manipulation of another two.Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, enables innovation to flourish (Zhao, 2001 Michael, 2005). Schumpeter (1934) originally endeavors to associate innovation with entrepreneurship by identifying innovators as entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship enables innovation to realise further value by marketing them as products or services. Second, the development of entrepreneurship and innovation, and mutual effect between them for the successful practicality of innovation, demand support of innovative culture and management (Drucker, 1985 Zhao, 2001).The success of McDonalds can be taken to avow this point. Products sold in McDonalds are not originally invented, virtually, they are just what had been produced in respectable r estaurants many years ago. Nevertheless, by adopting a distinguish of innovative management techniques and concepts, McDonalds has standalized its products and designed specific working make for based on which production can be analysed (Drucker, 1985). In consequence, McDonalds opened up a new area and substantially raised revenues.Before considering the relationship between entrepreneurship together with innovation and economy development, it is essential to respectively observe their relationship with economy development. Firstly, innovation is a vital contributor to frugal development albeit with its insufficient nature (Grupp, 2001 Stoneman, 1995 Camp, 2005). In the perspective of fatality, Lichtenberg (1993) and Engelbrecht (1997) recognise this by pointing out that inovation can be regarded as a vital source of economy development.Another scholar, Porter (1979), confirms the view in terms of promoting the concept of value-based competitiveness, where innovation initially results in improved productivity, then the enhanced productivity creats higher competitiveness which eventually leads to better economy. For instance, 3M Company is famous for its characteristic of gaining growth through innovation. The company stimulates innovation by orbit up the 15% rule-employers are encouraged to utilize 15% of working time to research their own ideas which may convert into new products in the future.As a consequence, a quarter of incomes of the Company are generated by products no more than six years old (Burns, 2005). In addition to the study supporting the necessity of innovation to foster economy development, there are some investigations demonstrating that innovation is not sufficient for continuously economy development (Grupp, 2001 Stoneman, 1995 Camp, 2005). Some scholars criticise that the graphic symbol of innovation is overlooked and state that waiting only in the sphere of innovation can not bring qualitative leap to economy (Allen, 1988 Audretsc h, 1995).Camp (2005) approves of the view and he maintains that many organisations are learning this lesson by experience. Their copious investment paid for innovation does not convert into property and can not continuously prevent scotch development. Secondly, entrepreneurship is broadly accepted as a prominent driver of economy development (Schumpeter, 1912 Camp, 2005). As United Kindom Her Majestys Treasury (2005) declared, entrepreneurship and its profound impact on entreprises have been one of five driving forces of the Nations remarkable strategy to promote economy development for the last ten years.Drucker (1985) also accepts the major role of entrepreneurship and he even indicated that present businesses could hardly survive if they do not secure entrepreneurial capacity. In addition, a positive relationship between economic development and entrepreneurship is captured by Braunerhjelm et al. (2009). They examed 20 countries in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and De velopment for 21 years and eventually came to the conclusion that entrepreneurship could positively affect economic development, with remarkable improvement in the perspective of competitiveness and new firms establishment.Wennekers and Thurik (1999) are in the same line with Braunerhjelm and state that entrepreneurship makes contribution to economy development by some process such as enhancing competitiveness, creating new firms and new jobs, and improving productivity. Besides, with increasingly practice, Schumpeters notion (1912), where economic growth and employment are provided and cause by new businesses and existing firms which result from entrepreneurship, is widely accepted (Reynolds, 1999 Fritsch and Muller, 2004).In addition, statistical research of manufacturing sector by United Kindom Her Majestys Treasury (2005) demonstrated the essential role of innovation for British economy. As their research result shows, 1. 2 million employments were provided by newly established businesses from 1997 to 2005. However, according to Hoffmann and Junges research (2006), UK has still more or less 18 percent less businesses than America, and he maintains that much higher entrepreneurial activity rates in America may interpret this to some extent.Having considered entrepreneurship and innovations separate relationship with economy development, it comes to conceive entrepreneurship and innovation as a whole and discuss their holistic relationship with economy development. As have been discussed, innovation and entrepreneurship are complementary. This can also apply to economy development. With the insuffiency of innovation, entrepreneurship plays a mediate role between innovation and ecocnomic development, which will more fully empathise the commercial value of innovation and enhance the overall impact (Camp, 2005).Some scholars such as Allen (1988) approve that entrepreneurship should be reagrded as the pricinpal mechanism to convert preliminary-phase innovatio n into economic development. For example, in the 1980s, in the mental picture industry, a potential market gap existed between conventional printing and office photocopiers. A famous German company, Bayer, responsed to the problem with the development of an innovative technology which can provide quality, price-efficient and small-quantities colour printing for office uses.Nevertheless, the traditional chemical company did not plan to expand into printing area, so no material measures were taken to fill in the gap. But a few years later, the market gap expanded to a double scale which finally attracted Bayers attention. In 1988, based on the innovation mentioned above, Bayer established a new enterprise, Xeikon, to produce printers especially for office. Consenquently, by the end of 1998, 160 jobs had been created and the company had captured profits of 45 million pounds (Burns, 2005). Entrepreneurships mediating role is apparent in this case.If Xeikon were not founded, the innova tive technology might stay in the innovation stage for much longer time and the printing industry might not be able to experience the revolution in that age (Burns, 2005). With the necessary yet insufficient nature of innovation and postitive impact of entrepreneurship on economic development, many regions which have invested a large amount of silver in innovation begin to learn the indispensable role of entrepreneurship and find that they need entrepreneurship to further thrive economies and these investments ecomoic return (Camp, 2005).Innovation only when can only issue limited economic influence (Camp, 2005). Through the generative process of entrepreneurship, however, more significant economic gains can be captured. For instance, in an investigation by Camp (2005), a rise of approximately 60 percent in average wages was acturalized in the most innovative regions among 382 regions they researched, by enhancing innovation capability through entrepreneurship. The Table 1 below, extracted from Camps (2005) another research, also indicates entrepreneurships mediating effects on innovation.Table 1 Tesing the Mediating Effiects of Entrepreneurship on Innovation and Regional Employment (Camp, 2005). fixation Models Correlation Coefficient t-stat R2 Model1Total Employment 0. 723 512. 8 4. 67 81. 1% Innovation Entrepreneurship 0. 716 121. 1 26. 03 Model2 Entrepreneurship 0. 611 16. 4 18. 95 48. 0% Innovation Model3Total Employment 0. 723 2,494. 6 19. 02 48. 2% Innovation The difference between Model 1 and Model 2, especially the value of R2 which represents impact on employment, indicates that the direct effect of innovation alone (48%) is much lower than the combined effect with the mediating process of entrepreneurship (81. 1%). In other words, the mediating effect of entrepreneurship can provide extra profits for businesses as headspring as covering the investment on innovation capability (Camp, 2005). In conclusion, this essay has disscussed th e relationship between entrepreneurship, in conjunction with innovation, and economy development, utilizing theories and examples in business.Attention is use to the positive relationship between the three issues. Innovation originates from creativity and endows materials with new capacity. Entrepreneurship utilizes innovation as a special tool, and it explores innovations potential economic value by selecting and commercialising innovation into market. Entrepreneurship and innovation are thus complementary and the synergy between them significantly benefits each other. Problem solving exists throughout the process from ideas generation to business estabilishment converting possibilities into practical application.In addition, innovation and entrepreneurship are respectively vital contributors to economy development, whereas the insufficient nature of innovation calls for mediating effect of entrepreneurship. Many theories and examples have illustrated this mediating effect which w ill more comprehensively realize the commercial value of innovation. With good combination of entrepreneurship and innovation, in consequence, economy can be effectively thrived and overall economy development will be achieved. Word Count 1904

Ensuring People Support for Education and Training Programs Essay

A collaborative effort is a key to success in the field of continuing education. That is to maintain partnership with the learners, the supervisors and, the managers. To ensure privy from each participant it is important that there is connectivity before, during, and after the training schedule. After all, learning is effective when it is applied as well as teaching is assimilated when it is explained.In Cafarellas book, the five primary purpose of education was explicitly stated that is to encourage growth, to uphold with practical problems, to prepare people for current and future opportunities, to assist with change for desired results, and to examine community or social issues (Schultz, 2002). Educators are tasked to elaborate from the beginning the reason of the training program and if it is presented to learners as useful and non mandatory support from the learner is ensured even from the start of the program. Key people or the supervisors cease be invited in the planning accomplish so that they can tell the planner or the educator actual experiences on how the knowledge will be applied. Also it is best to include the supervisors in giving decisions on when is the training program be scheduled so that critical schedule in their operations will not be hampered. During trainings learners should get involved in the discussion by inviting them to give examples and with those actual situations mentioned by the participants, trainers should help the learner to reflect on the subject and how it could be applied. Supervisors at the same time can be asked to mentor or assist in the on-going program. Training program does not end at the venue but probing whether the learning process is blocked after instruction was given ensures effectiveness of the lean. Learners should be encouraged to help one another and evaluate the learning process. Supervisors should be asked on the feedback if the course has been effective by checking if what is learned was applied in each participants actual work situation. To ensure continuous support and partnership, endings should be addressed whether it is positive or negative (Caffarella, 2002). Managers are tasked to implement goals and objectives they are the one who manage change. To ensure their support from beginning to end, they should be asked to provide consultations before and after. They should be convinced that the program is helping their organization to grow.ReferencesSchultz, J. D. (2002). Book Review Planning Programs for Adult Learners, 2nd Edition by Rosemary A. Caffarella Electronic Version. Retrieved 12 February 2008 from http//www.exchangesjournal.org/reviews/review_1107.html.Caffarella, R.A. (2002). Planning Programs for Adult Learners (Chapter 5), 2nd Edition, 403 pages ISBN 0-7879-5225-7.

Power as Exercised in Totalitarian Regimes of the Stalinist Era

Mao Zedong, founder of the Peoples Republic of China, once said that Every communist must labor the truth governmental power grows start of the barrel of a gun. Zedongs metaphor accurately characterizes the tyrannous nature of the Communist regime of the Stalinist era. such(prenominal) totalistic systems maintain control over its citizens through the exercise of coercion, reward systems, mass media, and propaganda. This course of totalitarian government sought to deprive its citizens of individual rights and compound them into the system as parts of the Stalinist mechanism.In One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Alexander Solzhenitsyn illustrates how the Stalinist labor mobs, or gulags, utilized several(a) modes of surveillance, the constant dehumanization of political prisoners, manipulative reward systems, and stalk heinousness and force to maintain control over prisoners and uphold the ideology of Stalinism. Another run intoice of the Stalinist power structure is offered in Andrezej Wajdas controversial dart, Man of Marble in which a young involvemaker tries to uncover the truth or so a former national icon, Birkut, who fell to obscurity and encounters frequent resistance in her attempts to do so.This film illustrates how the Stalinist government manipulated the media and censored controversial literature, film, and artis stress to portray false government success and brainwash its citizens into obeying the repressive regime. This paper will analyze the different mechanisms of power employed by the Stalinist totalitarian regimes depicted in Solzhenitsyns novel and Man of Marble and will further evaluate how the study of power in specific historical situations enables historians to construe the motivations of those in power and the effectiveness of certain power structures to achieve its goals and provide for its citizens.In Solzhenitsyns One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, the labor camps are depicted as a microcosm for the totalit arian state in existence. Gulags became the Soviet governments method of transforming individuals under its control into obedient workers existing exactly to physically construct the Soviet state and strengthen the economy while embodying the ideology of the Stalinist system. The prisoners were forced to work in severe weather conditions, eat very little food, wear very little clothing, and were assistd to spy on one another to improve their individual situations.The majority of the prisoners in the roof are helpless victims who should not even be imprisoned the Soviet authorities have unjustly punished them for they provide free labor. At the camp, many an(prenominal) of the officials delight in treating the prisoners with excessive cruelty. The Captain is sentenced to ten days of solitary confinement because he has worn an unauthorized jersey under his uniform in order to stay warm. They also think nothing of stealing part of the meager rations of the prisoners so that they c an have more for themselves.The prisoners cannot receive adequate health check care for the rule of the hospital is to admit only two people a day no matter how many may be sick. pass on for example, the exchange between Buynovsky, who jokingly announces the Soviet decree, and Shukhov which shows the absurd pompousness of the Soviet government Since then its been decreed that the sun is highest at one oclock, Shukhov replies, Who said that? and Buynovsky replies The Soviet government. () For the characters laws are both unavoidable and arbitrary. The Soviet people have little to say in their government and they do what it tells them to do.Buynovskys fraudulence reveals the Soviet regimes delusion of grandeur. Shukhovs forced false confession to being a traitor to his country also exemplifies the way in which the Soviet government tailors the truth to fits its needs. The Soviet regime imagines itself stronger than not only the sun but also reality itself. Furthermore, Volkovoys differing responses to Buynovskys charges exemplify the double-dealing in which the entire Stalinist state thrives. He ignores Buynovskys assertion that strip searching in subzero temperatures outdoors violates an article of the Soviet Criminal Code, wake his lack of concern for right and wrong.He is altogether indifferent to others opinions of state-sponsored actions. Yet when Buynovsky goes a step further and accuses Volkovoy of being a bad Soviet citizen, Volkovoy becomes violently indignant. He knowingly violates Soviet law and is thus, in a way, a bad Soviet citizen, but he is unwilling to admit as much. He cares much more about making himself look good than making his country look good. Though he disrespects his countrys laws with his action, he wants, hypocritically, to be seen as an ideal Soviet citizen. The labor camp also attacks its prisoners spiritually.By replacing their names with a combination of letters and numbers, the camp erased all traces of individuality. For example, the camp guards refer to Shukhov as Shcha-854. This elimination of names represents the bureaucratic destruction of individual personalities. In Man of Marble, Andrezej Wajda attempts to expose how propaganda, through national icons, was apply to present a false impression of Polish success and how these national icons were removed and fell to obscurity when they offered the slightest hint of discontentment with the norm.The film begins by showing propaganda films that praise Birkut as a devout worker who slaves away at brick laying for the officials. Then, Agniezka proceeds to interview the director, who was hired by the government. He tells her about the reality of making the film such as how Birkut was given more food and water unlike the other bricklayers. This is an example of reward power in which the government manipulated Birkut, elevated him to the emplacement of national icon, and gave him additional food and water to ensure that he would continue to work hard for them thereby sustaining that glorified workers image gross to the Stalinist ideology.Wajda uses these two scenes to deconstruct the false imagery that propaganda gives to its viewers. He illustrates how officials manipulate these kinds of situations to their own political good. The character of Agniezka, the young filmmaker, resists this form of government manipulation of film and art by embarking on an endeavor to uncover the truth about a once great Polish national icon that fell into obscurity, Birkut. She encounters frequent resistance from others regarding the subject matter of her film but despite the controversy, she continues her work and unleashes the truth about Stalinism.Moreover, Birkut is fundamentally erased from memory because he refused to change with the existing political system that was overwhelmed with corruption, manipulation, and exploitation. Birkut spoke against that system and essentially the Stalinist government of Poland at this time, erased aspects o f the nations collective memory in order to control its citizens. This kind of erasure from memory appeared to be the standard penalty for those who refused to conform. Consider the scene in which Birkut is trying to defend Witek who has been accused of treason.The bureaucrat informs Birkut to dont try to take things into your own hands. Leave it to us. Trust the peoples Justice. This statement reveals how the government attempted to integrate its citizens to fully that their existence became that of automatic obedience, the trust in the Soviet regime would be so solidified that there would surely be little resistance or defiance and the utter submission to their power. At a union meeting where Birkut again tries to address the question of Witek, he shouts that a horrid injustice has been committed.Trade union officials then turn off his microphone and a chorus begins Socialism will prevail by force of example, onward stout workers This line is quite possibly the most beta in the film for it exemplifies how the Soviet regime would glorify workers like Birkut and broadcast his intense labor and a glorified image of him through the mass media to encourage citizens to abide by the socialist ideology. However, later on as the film reveals, Birkut becomes demoralized and turns to drinking. His life is now in ruins. Birkut originally came to prominence for supposedly breakout the single shift brick-laying record.However, the newsreel director who recorded the event confides to Agnieszka how he manipulated and outright fabricated aspects of the episode for propaganda purposes. Yet poor guileless Birkut originally accepts everything he is told at face value. As a result, when he falls out of favor with the Party for championing workers rights, it is wrenchingly difficult for him to adjust to life when essentially persona non grata. There unmingled difficulty that Agniezka experiences in her quest to finish her film exemplifies how the government employs censorshi p to hide the truth.The propaganda newsreel claiming to chart Birkuts life only demonstrates the parading of his image, as he acts out the role of labor hero, admires his marble stature, and the endless posters, which produce his form, and appears before the public as a crowd-pleasing vision of physical glamour. The proliferation and repetition of images of the idealized citizen were designed to shadow any suggestion that the state may have no other basis for authority other than the manipulation of these icons.The power of the state to appear to dissipate the individual into the mass is disturbingly echoed twenty geezerhood later in exchanges between Agonies and two women who belonged to the generation of the 1950s the television editor tells Agniezka that, Ive selected everything to do with Birkutalthough the rest is pretty much the same, while Agonies, attempting to divert suspicion as to why she is particularly interested in Birkuts statue in the museum when, as the museum g uide points out, there are so many others like it, says, I like this onealthough its all the same. Implicit in this proliferation of idealized effigies of flummox citizens and leaders is the constant presence of state ideology. The collective memory that she unearths crumbles the seamless portrait of Birkut though revealing the painful, lived-through process of molding his image, which the opening newsreel only parades as a finished product.In flashbacks, Birkut is shown to be force-fed for weeks before the event, shaved, and groomed, when to smile, and carefully directed by Burski who ironically tells him to act more like a worker, and quickly turns his photographic camera away when Birkut collapses, bleeding from the hands, upon completion of the task. Agniezkas investigation of the manipulation of Witek and Birkut is synonymous with the excavation of the very foundations of the communist system itself, which claimed popular support upon the basis of the shop of the worker.Her disinterment of the hidden infrastructure of totalitarian power reveals its construction on baseless myths and rituals. Better to growl and submit. If you were stubborn, they broke you. (41) This quote exemplifies how the Stalinist regime used brutality and force to ensure obedience. Throughout history, individuals and groups have exercised various forms of power in order to control others and their surroundings. It is important to analyze how power is exercised, constituted, and contested in specific historical situations because the world will learn how to use power to produce the greatest results in a given situation.In a totalitarian regime as those depicted in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and Man of Marble, the individual operates as part of a social machine on the principle of automatic obedience. This is the highest level of the institution of power, the creation of an efficient mechanism in which individuals act predictably on the principle of utter submission. Th e oppressive nature of the Stalinist regimes depicted in the aforementioned novel and film illustrate how the coercive power employed by the system was most powerless because it builds resentment and resistance from the people who experience it. He was a newcomer.He was unused to the hard life of the zeks. Though he didnt know it, moments like this were particularly important to him, for they were transforming him from an eager, confident naval officer with a ringing voice into an inert, though wary, zek. And only in that inertness lay the chance of surviving the twenty-five years of imprisonment hed been sentenced to. (65) This quotation exemplifies how the gulag transformed once proud individuals with fulfilling lives into components of the Stalinist machine and illustrates how the basic need to survive was motivation enough for the prisoners to obey those in power.A man that at was formerly a distinguished Naval officer was now being integrated into the masses and stripped of h is individuality and identity to occasion the Soviets source of free labor. The passage suggests that by submitting to the hopeless status of a zed without resistance, one would almost surely survive the brutality of the camp. Works Cited Man of Marble. Dir. Andrezej Wajda. Poland 1977 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander . One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. New York Farrar, Straus, and Giroux Inc, 1991. The Definition of Totalitarian. www. dictionary. reference. com/browse/totalitarian

Spreadsheet and Monthly Worksheets

NEW PERSPECTIVES EXCEL 2010 TUTORIAL 6 ASSIGNMENT WINTER CREEK APARTMENTS PROJECT OVERVIEW W inter Creek Apartments manages large apartment complexes in four cities in the Midwest Kansas City, Des Moines, Omaha, and St. Louis. At the corporate level, Gordon Rockwell uses Excel to summarize monthly maintenance expenses submitted by each complex manager. He asks you to total the maintenance costs of each apartment complex for each month, and then format each work poll. Gordon also needs you to add another worksheet to shoot for summary costs for each city and maintenance category.STUDENT START FILE Download Excel_T6_Data_File. xlsx from Moodle. Instructions 1. Open the file Excel_T6_Data_File. xlsx and save the file as T6_LastName_FirstName. xlsx in the beginning you move to the next step. Enter your name in cell B4 of the Documentation sheet. 2. Group the iii monthly worksheets. For each month, calculate the maintenance category totals in the sick B9F9 and calculate the apartment complex totals in the range G5G8. In cell G9, enter a grand total that adds up the amounts in range G5G8. 3.Improve the look of the monthly worksheets by formatting the ranges A4G4 and A8G8 to have a bottom border. Format the range B5G9 to Accounting Number Format, and then Decrease Decimal so no decimal places are shown. Ungroup the worksheets. 4. Make a copy of one of the quarterly worksheets, rename the new worksheet as Summary, and then position the Summary sheet between the Documentation and Jan worksheets. 5. In the Summary worksheet, in the range B5F8, delete the existing values and insert formulas that add the sales in the corresponding cells of the three monthly worksheets.Use 3-D references in the formulas. (Hint Reapply the bottom border to cells B8G8 if needed. ) 6. Set up the Summary and three monthly worksheets for printing. Each worksheet should a) be centered horizontally, b) fit on one page, c) display the name of the worksheet centered in the header, d) and contain a custom footer that displays Winter Creek Apartments and the date on separate lines in the right section of the footer. Save your changes, close the workbooks and exit Excel. Submit your completed assignment on Moodle. 1

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musical theme4Saving and investing Definition and Kinds of enthronisation Autonomous and Induced etc. Determinants of investment. pay Value Criteria for Investment. Investment submit and getup growing. Tobins Q- scheme. Lags in Investment petition. Derivation of IS-curve, Shape of IS-curve. Volatility of Investment. Investment Demand and Fiscal policy. Shifts in Investment Demand Curve and output determination. proposition5 coin Market The Demand and return of specie gold Demand and its Determinants, Regressive Expectation pretending. Portfolio Balance sexual climax, data-based Estimation of Income and Interest Elasticities. bestow of Money, Determinants of Money try. Measurement of Money Supply and its implications, Instruments of monetary insurance policy. Interest Sensitivity of Money Supply. Quantity Theory of Money and its Critical retread. Fischer effect, Money, equipment casualtys and Inflation. Derivation of LM Curve and its flip. LM Curve and Money Mar ket Equilibrium. Interaction of IS-LM and Equilibrium. melodic theme6. Aggregate Demand, Supply and Stabilization Policy Keynesian clay sculptures Liquidity mess. Effectiveness of Policy and footing Rigidity. Slope of Aggregate Supply and Demand Curves. Liquidity Trap. Grand Aggregate Demand Curve.Interaction of IS-LM and Determination of output poor-run and Long-run analysis Aggregate Demand and Supply and their Slopes. Slope of IS-LM in Short-run and Long-run. Vertical / Horizontal Shapes of these Curves. unpolluted and Keynesian posers. Shocks to Aggregate Demand and Supply and Stabilization Policy. Supply Side scotchs. Stagflation and Stabilization Policies, Shocks to IS-LM and its Outcomes and Policy Implications. Short-run Long-run Philip Curves. Long-run and Vertical Aggregate Supply Curve. Ineffectiveness of Keynesian Policies, Technical Change and Shift in Vertical Aggregate Supply Curve.Part B issuance7. Open thriftiness and Macro sparing Stabilization Exchange R ates and their Determinants Mundell Fleming toughie (MFM) Small open Economy with perfect Capital Mobility. IS-LM Goods and Money Market. Small Open Economy, Floating Exchange Rate and Fiscal Policy. Fixed Exchange Rate and Fiscal Policy. Flexible and Managed Exchange Rates. fiscal Policy, Devaluation and Recovery from expectant depression. barter Policy Mundell-Fleming nonplus (MFM) with changing price Level. MFM and large open Economy. Depreciation and its impacts. Income Absorption Approach and exchange Adjustment and Balance of salary. emergence8. Labor Market, Price Expectation and Unemployment Demand and Supply of Labour, Equilibrium in the Labour Market. The Sticky Wage Model, Insider-Outsider Models. The Workers Misperception Model, The Imperfect Information Model, The Sticky Price Model. rational Expectation (RE), adaptive Expectations, RE and Painless Disflation, Hysteresis and challenge to Natural rate possibleness. yield9. Macroeconomic Policy Debate Policy A ctions Active or Passive, Ignorance, Expectations and the Lucas Critique. Conduct of Policy dominion vs. Discretion, Distrust of Policy makers and Political function.Macroeconomics Policy Rules for Fiscal Policy, making Policy in uncertain World. Seignorage and Inflation What can Policy Accomplish? Monetarists vs. Activists debate. Phillips Curve Short run and Long run analysis. The expectation augmented Phillips Curve. Money Inclusion and output. Short Run and Long Run Adjustment. Perfect Foresight and Adjustment. Topic10. regime Debt and Budget Deficit The size of Government Debt, Measurement Problem Inflation, Capital Assets, product line Cycle etc. Ricardian view of Debt Ricardian Equivalence, Consumers and Future Taxes.Tax shooting, Delayed Stabilization, Ricardo and Ricardian Equivalence and Debate. Model of Debt Crises. Topic11. scotch Fluctuation and Its Sources The Theory of Real Business Cycles Interpretation Labor Market, Technology Shocks. Household Behaviour, the p ersistence of output Fluctuations. Limitations of the Model. The ChallengesWhat we know and what we dont know? Long-run and Countrys Capacity to Produce. Short-run and influence of Aggregate Demand. Random Walk Model. What Determines Inflation Rate, Unemployment Rate and Output Growth? jackpot we revise Natural Rate of Output?Should we stabilize the Economy? The comprise of Inflation? The problem of Budget Deficit? Topic12. Long-Term Growth and dear job elementary Neo-Classical Growth Model and Equilibrium Capital / Output Ratio, Wage Profit Relative Shares. Neo-Classical Model with Technical Progress ? Capital corporate Technical Progress. ? Neutral Disembodied Technical Progress. ? Labor-Augmenting Disembodied Technical Progress. Kaldor Saving Function and Neoclassical doing Function. Golden Rule and Optimal Growth Models. unexampled Growth Theory / Endogenous Growth. Recommended Books 1.Branson, William H. , (1979), Macroeconomic Theory and Policy, Harper and lyric Publishers, mod York / London. 2. Branson, William H. , and Litvack James M. , Macroeconomics*, (Latest variance), Princeton University. 3. Glahe, Fred R. , (Latest Edition), Macroeconomics, Theory and Policy, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. 5. Mankiw, Gregory N. , (2000) Macroeconomics*, Worth Publishers, New York. 6. Peel D. and Minfow P. , (2002). climb on Macroeconomics, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U. K. 7. Romer, David, (2001). Advanced Macroeconomics*, McGraw Hills, New York / London. 8. Sargent, Thomas J. (1988) Rational Expectations and Inflation*, Harper and Raw Publishers, New York / London. 9. Rosalind Leveic and Alexander Reborens, Macro-economics An Introduction to Keynesian Neo-Classical Controversies Macmillan (Latest edition). 10. Denison, Edward F. 1985. Trends in American frugal Growth, 1929-1982. majuscule The Brookings constitution. *Strongly Recommended Additional Reading Material / look for report cards 1. Ball, Laurence, Mankiw, N. Gregory, and Romer, Da vid. 1988. The New Keynesian economic science and the Output-Inflation plentyoff. Brookings Papers on economic Activity, No. , 1-65, Reprinted in Mankiw and Romer (1991). 2. Barro, Robert J. 1976. Rational Expectations and the Role of Monetary Policy. ledger of Monetary sparings 2 (January) 1-32. 3. Barro, Robert J. 1989. Interest-Rate Targeting. Journal of Monetary economic science 23 (January) 3-30. 4. Barro, Robert, J. , and Gordon, David B. 1983b. Rules, Discretion and Reputation in a Model of Monetary Policy. Journal of Monetary Economics 12 (July) 101-121. Reprinted in Persson and Tabellini (1994). 5. Bernheim, B. Douglas. 1987, Ricardian Equivalence An Evaluation of Theory and Evidence. NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2 263-304. 6. Blanchard, Olivier J. 1984. The Lucas Critique and the Volcker Deflation. American Economic fall over 74 (May) 211-215. 7. Fischer, Stanley. 1993. The Role of Macroeconomic fixingss in Growth. Journal of Monetary Economics 32 (December) 48 5-512. 8. Friedman, Milton, 1968. The Role of Monetary Policy. American Economic Review 58 (March) 1-17. 9. Genberg, Hans. 1978. buying Power Parity under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates. Journal of internationalistic Economics 8 (May) 247-276. 10. Long, John B. , and Plosser, Charles I. 983. Real Business Cycles. Journal of Political Economy 91 (February) 39-69. 11. Mankiv, G. , N. (1990), A quick Refresher Course in Macroeconomics, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXVIII, 1645-60. 12. Romer, Christina D. 1999. Changes in Business Cycles Evidence and Explanations. Journal of Economic Perspectives 13 (spring) 23-44. 13. Romer, Paul M. 1990. Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy 1998 (October, Part 2) S71-S102. Paper 3. MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS Topic 1The Nature of mathematical Economics Ingredients of mathematical seats.Derivations Equation of a straight line and its forms Two transmit, intercept, point slope and slop intercept. Types of functions constant, polynomial, rational, non-algebraic. Relationships and functions. Indices & their rules. Functions of more than devil independent variables. Logarithms & the rules of logarithms. Topic 2Equilibrium compendium in Economics A one-dimensional partial equilibrium market model. The effect of an excise tax in a competitory market. Non elongated market model. General Market Equilibrium. Equilibrium in a linear National Income Model. Topic 3 running(a) Models and ground substance AlgebraTheory of intercellular substance multiplication. Laws of matrix operations. Types of matrices Square, identity, null, idempotent, diagonal, transpose and their properties. Conditions for non singularity of a matrix. Minors and cofactors. Determinant & its properties. Solution of linear comparabilitys with Gaussian method, Cramers rule and Inverse of a matrix method. Properties of opposite word of a matrix. Use of matrix approach in market & national income models. Topic 4Input-Output Ana lysis Input-output model, its structure and its derivation. The use of input output model in Economics. Topic 5DifferentiationRules of differentiation. Differentiation of a function of one variable. Sum-difference, product, quotient, chain, power, inverse, logarithmic & exponential functions Combinations of rules. Higher order derivatives. Economic applications of derivative. Concept of maxima & minima, elasticity and point of inflection. Profit & revenue maximization under perfect competition, under monopoly. Maximizing excise tax revenue in monopolistic competitive market, Minimization of cost etc. Topic 6Partial & Total Differentiation Partial differentiation & its rules. Higher order & cross partial derivatives (youngs theorem).Total differential & do derivatives. Implicit functions rule of differentiation. Optimizing cubic functions & their economic application. Topic 7Economic Applications of Partial & Total Differentiation relative static analysis a linear Partial equilibri um market model, a linear National Income model. Partial elasticities. business functions Analysis. Maximization & Minimization of unconstrained functions & their economic applications Profit maximization by a multi-product firm under perfect Competition & monopoly, Price discrimination, Multi-plant monopoly, input decisions etc.Topic 8Optimization Constrained & Extrema Free and constrained optimization, extrema of a function of devil variables graphical analysis, Lagrange method. Utility maximization & equal minimization. homogenised Production function, Cobb Douglas Production function. Jaccobian determinants. CES Production Function. Translof Function. Topic 9Linear program Ingredients of linear Programming. Graphical approach, simplex method, economic application of linear programming. Concept of primal & dual. Duality theorems. Solving of Primal via dual.Economic interpretation of a dual. Recommended Books 1. Chiang, A. C. , Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics, M cGraw Hills, (Latest Edition). 2. Baumol W. J. , Economic Dynamics, Macmillan, (Latest edition). 3. Budnick, Frank, Applied mathematics for Business, Economics and Social Sciences. 4. Dowling E. T. , Mathematics for economists, Schum Series (latest edition). 5. Weber E. Jean, Mathematical Analysis, Business and Economic Applications (Latest Edition) Harper and Row Publishers, New York. Paper 4. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMISTS Topic 1IntroductionDescriptive and inferential statistics Variable and constant, people and sample, parameter and statistic The four basic activities in statistics Designing a plan for data collection, Exploring the data, Estimating an unknown quantity, Hypothesis testing Type of measuring stick scales nominal phrase, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio Types of data Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate data, Primary and secondary data, Quantitative data and qualitative data, clipping series, Cross-sectional and pooled data Significant digits and move off numbers Erro rs Biased and unbiased.Topic 2Presentation of entropy and Measure of primaeval Tendency Introduction Classification Tabulating numerical data The frequency diffusion, The cumulative frequency dispersal, The relative frequency distribution, The percentage frequency distribution Graphic and diagrammatic representation Bar chart, Pie chart, Histograms, Frequency curves and Histo-grams Histograms by Hand Stem-and-leaf.Measure of central course Introduction Types of Averages Mean Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, Trimmed mean and Winsorized mean Quintiles Median, Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles The mode Box plot and detailed box plot Empirical relation between Mean, Median and Mode The cumulative distribution function Finding the percentile ranking for a given number, Finding the percentile for a given percentage Summary measures and type of data. Topic 3Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and KurtosisAbsolute and relative measure of dispersion Different measures of disp ersion The Range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation, Variance and type deviation Definition and interpretation of variance and commonplace deviation, Computation of variance and standard deviation, Step deviation method or coding method, Coefficient of variation, Standardized variable, Properties of standard deviation and variance Skewness Karl Pearsons coefficient of skewness, Bowleys coefficient of skewness Kurtosis. Topic 4Probability and Probability DistributionA survey of chance concepts Classical probability, Empirical concept, essential probability Some rules of probability Rules of addition, Rules of multiplication Tree diagrams Conditional Probability, Bayes Theorem Counting rules The multiplication formula, The permutation formula, The combination formula. discrete probability distribution, Random variables, Discrete random variable, Continuous random variable The mean, variance and standard deviation of a probability distribution Binomial probability distribution, a nd its computation.Cumulative probability distributions, Properties of Binomial probability distribution. The normal probability distributions Properties of normal distribution, Applications of the standard normal distribution, Areas under the normal curve, Finding areas under the normal curve The normal approximation to the binomial perseverance correction factor. Topic 5Survey Sampling and Sampling DistributionsSampling the population, Advantages of sampling, Representative samples, Sample design and sample survey, Sampling frame, Probability and non-probability sampling, Sampling with and without replacement, Sampling and non-sampling flaw, sampling bias Probability sampling and non-probability sampling methods Sampling distribution of the mean The central limit theorem Sampling distribution of differences between means Sampling distribution of sample proportion Sampling distribution of differences between proportions.Topic 6Estimation and potency Intervals Point estimates and confidence separations Estimation by confidence interval Confidence interval estimate of a population mean (Known Variance), Confidence interval estimate of a population mean (Unknown Variance) Confidence interval for differences of means, Confidence interval for differences of means Confidence interval for population proportion, Confidence interval for differences between proportions One sided confidence interval Sample size for estimating population mean.Topic 7Hypothesis Testing One sample test of hypothesis One Sample One tail and two tails tests of significance Testing for a population mean with a known population standard deviation Two-tailed test, one-tailed test P-Value in hypothesis testing Testing for a population mean macroscopic sample, Population standard deviation unknown Testing hypotheses about population proportion when sample size is large Type II error. Testing of two Sample Hypothesis Population means, Population proportions comparing populations with small sa mples.Topic 8Chi Square Applications Introduction Goodness-of-fit test Equal expected frequencies Goodness-of-fit test odds-on expected frequencies Limitations of Chisquare Using the goodness-of-fit test to test for normality Contingency Table Analysis. Topic 9Analysis of Variance Introduction, The F distribution Comparing two population variances ANOVA assumptions ANOVA test Inferences about pairs of treatment means Two-way analysis of variance. Topic 10Simple Linear Regression and Correlation AnalysisScatter diagram Standard methods for obtaining regression line (i) Inspection, (ii) Semi average, (iii) Least squares principle Assumptions underlying linear regression Measures of variation Standard error of the estimate, Coefficient of determination Prediction in Regression Analysis Interpolation verses extrapolation Correlation analysis Scatter diagram The coefficient of correlation coefficient Properties/characteristic of coefficient of correlation, Correlation and causation The consanguinity among the correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination and the standard error of estimate Inference about the slope and correlation coefficient t-test for the slope, F- test for the slope, t-test for correlation coefficient Estimation of the mean values and predication of individual values Confidence interval and predication interval estimate Rank correlation. Topic 11Multiple Linear Regression and Correlation AnalysisMultiple linear regression model, Interpretation of partial regression coefficients Estimation of multiple linear regression model with two explanatory variables by using Least squares principle, Matrix approach, Deviation form Pitfalls and problems in multiple regression Multicollinearity, Variable selection, Model misspecification Multiple standard error of estimate Coefficient of multiple determination (adjusted and unadjusted) Evaluating the regression equation Using a scatter diagram, Correlation matrix, Global test, Individual variabl e significance test, qualitative independent variables Multiple regressions in terms of linear correlation coefficients Multiple correlation and partial correlation Nonlinear regression models Dealing with nonlinear relationship and unequal variability. Topic 12Applied Statistics Index Numbers, Un-weighted exponent numbers Simple aggregative force Weighted indexes Laspeyres price index, Paaseches price index, Marshal- Edgeworth price index Fishers ideal index Consumer Price Index (CPI), Producer Price Index (PPI), CPI versus GDP Deflator Issues in constructing and using index numbers Application of index numbers to descent and economics.An overview of time series analysis Component Factors of the classical multiplication time series model and their estimation Secular trend Cyclical variation, Seasonal variation, minute variation Smoothing the annual time series and using it in forecasting Moving averages, Weighted moving averages, Exponential smoothing Using trend and seasonal s erving in forecasting Time series and forecasting The multiplicative model, Calculating the seasonal indexes, De-seasonalization the time series, Using deseasonalized time series to identify trend, Seasonal adjustments, Model based on monthly data, Cyclical component simulation cyclic behavior using box-Jenkins ARIMA processes Using regression analysis in forecasting qualitative approach to forecasting Delphi method, Expert judgment, Scenario writing, Intuitive approaches Choosing an appropriate forecasting model Some observations on time series analysis. Recommended Text books 1. Lind, Douglas A. , Marshal, William G. and Mason, Robert D. , statistical Techniques in Business and Economics (11th edition). Boston McGraw Hill, 2003. 2.Chaudhry, Sher Mohammad and Kamal, Shahid, Introduction to Statistical Theory (7th edition). Lahore Ilmi Kitab Khana, 2002. 3. Siegel, Andrew F. , Practical Business Statistics (5th edition). Boston McGraw Hill, 2003. 4. Newbold, Paul, Carlson, William L. and Thorne, Betty M, Statistics for Business and Economics (5th edition). New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2002. 5. Keller, Gerald and Warrack, Brian, Statistics for Management and Economics (5th edition). Boston Duxbury Thomson Learning, 2000. Additional Readings 1. Berenson, Mark L. , Levine, David M. and Krehbiel, Timothy C. , Basic Business Statistics Concepts and Applications (9th edition). New Jersay Prentice Hall, 2004. 2. Barron, Michael M. Statistics for Economics Accounting and Business Studies (Latest Edition), New York, Prentice Hall. 3. Carlson, William L. and Thorne, Betty, Applied Statistical Methods for Business Economics and Social Sciences (Latest edition). New Jersey Prentice Hall. 4. Moore, David S. , The Basic implement of Statistics (2nd edition). New York Freeman,2000. Paper 5. ISLAMIC ECONOMICS Note The instructor pertain may assign additional and latest literature on the subject matter. The references provided at the end of the course are just helping literatu re. Students moldiness reflect additional literature on each way out. Topic 1Introduction Moslem Economics i) Nature, and importance of Islamic Economics.Islamic Economics Versus Economics of Secular Economy and Mixed Economic System. ii) Brief Introduction of Basic Values of Islam Taqva, Halal and Haram, Justice, Benevolence, Equality, Brotherhood and Cooperation as Determinants of Economic Behaviour and Policies. Topic 2Major Economic Thoughts Contribution of Scholars Contribution of some Earlier Muslim Scholars in the education of Islamic Economics (Imam Abu Yousuf, Imam Abu Ubaid Al Qasim,, Ibn-e-Khaldoon, Imam Ibn-e-Taimiah, Shah Waliullah Dehlvi, Baqar-al-Sadar). Topic 3Islamic Economic System Silent features of Islamic Economic System objectives, Economic Freedom, Property and Ownership Rights. The Concept of Equality and Efficiency.The Relative Importance of Capital and Labour. precedency to Basic postulate. Concepts of Ownerships and Implication. benefit and income Distribution. Comparison of Islamic Economic System with Capitalism and Socialism, with respect to above cited principles / values of Islam. Topic 4Microeconomics in Islamic framework The Consumer Behaviour in Islam. Utility, Moderation, optional habit Behaviour. Organization of Production and Behavioural Theories of Firms. Objectives and Behaviour of Firm in Islamic Economy. Business morals in Production and Marketing. Hoarding and Gains. Market Structure Monopoly and Competition, Resource Allocation in Islamic Environment and Cartels.Concepts of Fair Trade. Stockists / Wholesales, determination of Prices and Rate of Normal Profit / Meeting of Losses. Price Mechanism and State Role in Regulation of Markets. Topic 5The Modes of Financing In Islam Modarba and Musharka Types of Bai. (Bai-Salam, Bai Muajjal, Morabaha. ) Saving and Investment in Islam. Investment of Savings for Gains. Topic 6Distribution in Islamic Economy Islamic Stress on Circulating of Wealth. Steps against Conce ntration of Wealth. Social Justice in Islam. Rights of Labour, pervasive Justice Use of Land and Other Natural Resources and their Rewards. Role of State in Distribution of Wealth.Topic 7Some Basic Macroeconomic Concepts habit, saving and Investment Functions in Islamic Environment. Determents of Islamic Consumption Function, Concept to Help others, Welfare and Religious believes. Zakat and Usher. Topic 8Demand and Supply of Money and Banking Gold Money, Paper Money and Credit Money. Western Justification of interest. Islamic Concept of Riba, its Implications and Alternatives. Functions of Commercial Banks in Islamic Framework. Central Banking and Monetary Policy in Islamic Framework. Central Banking and Monetary Policy in Islam. Inflation Vs. Design of Capital Market. Monetary Policy in an Islamic Framework. Topic 9Zakat, Social Justice and StateMeaning of Zakat, Nisab, front Hints about items of Zakat. Distributive Role of Zakat and Social Justice. Zakat as a tool in Fiscal Pol icy. Economic Role of Islamic State. Welfare consumption and limits. taxation and Expenditure Items in unexampled Islamic States. Beneficiaries of Zakat. The Tax Policy of Islam. Nature and Scope of Fiscal Policy in Islamic State (Taxation Policy). Expenditure Principles. commit of Taxes. Topic 10Economic provision and using Concepts and Objectives of Economic growth in Islam. Resources for Development. Nature of Economic Planning in Islam. Topic 11The Islamisation Process In Pakistan The Islamisation of Banks. Implementation of Zakat / Usher in Pakistan.A brief Survey of Changes in Economic Structure and Conditions Since the Holy Prophet (regarding Transport / communication, Business Forms, Production of Goods, Money and Banking). Topic 12New emerging Issues and Challenges Current Situation and Proposed Changes. Islamic View of International Economic Institutions and Modes of International Cooperation. Islamic View of Globalization. Quality acknowledgement of Goods, Merits and Trade. Fair Prices Vs. Market Price etc. Books Recommended Basic Texts 1. Islamic Economics Theory and Practice, A Comparatice Study, M. A. Mannan, Cambridge, Hodder and Stoughton, 1986 (or latest ed. ) 2. Islamic Economics Dar A. H & M.. Akram Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore (latest ed. 3. Macro Consumption Function in an Islamic Economic Framework, M. Fahim Khan, International move for Research In Islamic Economics, King Abdual Aziz Univ, KSA. citations 1. Ahmad, Khurshid, (latest edition), Fiscal Policy and Revenue Allocation in Islam, International Islamic University, Islamabad. 2. Anf A. Q. Mannan M. A. (1995), Developing a System of Financial Instruments IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah. 3. Badawi, Imam Abu Abaid Al-Qasim Muhammad A. Zaki, Kitab ul Amwal , Zakat and Social Justice, Islamic Council of Europe, London, 1979. 4. Chapra T M. , The Economic System of Islam, University of Karachi, 1991. 5.Chapra, Umer, Monetary Policy in an Islamic Economy, in Money and Banking in Islam, Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad. 6. Ghazanfar S. M. , (2003), Medieval Islamic Economic Thoughts, Routledge Publishers. 7. Khan M. Fahim, (1995), kind-hearted Resource mobilization Through the Profit, Loss Sharing Based Financial System, IRTI, Islamic Development Bank Jeddah. 8. Khan, Tariq ullah, (1996), Practice and Performance of Mudarba, A case study of Pakistan, IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah. 9. Khurshid, Ahmad, Elimination of Riba Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad. 10. Mahdi, M. Ahmad, (1995), Islamic Banking Modes for House Building Finance, IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah. 11. Mannan M.A, (1996), Financing Development in Islam, IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah. 12. Naqvi Syed Nawab Hyder Ethics and Economics . Leicester, The Islamic Foundation. 1981. 13. Nomani, Farhad & Rehnuma. , Ali, Islamic Economic Systems Zed Books Ltd. , London, 1994. 14. Nuti, D. Haris, (1995), The Economics of Participation, IRTI, Islamic Development Ba nk, Jeddah. 15. Siddiqui, M. N. , Muslim Economic Thinking, Leicester, The Islamic Foundation. 1985. 16. Tago, Usman, Justice Introduction to Islamic Finance, (2000), Idara-tul- maarif edition. 17. Yusaf , Imam Abu, Kita bur Kharaj, Lahore, Islamic Book Centre, 1979. Paper 6. MAJOR ISSUES IN PAKISTAN ECONOMY Topic 1Overview of Pakistan EconomyDevelopment Experience, Approaches, Policies and Outcomes. acknowledgment of Issues The era of 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s 1990s and 2000s. geomorphological Change and Sources of Growth. Emergence of Economic Issues, Human Resource Development, Unemployment, Poverty, Income Distribution, Debt, Deficit etc. Growth with limited development in Pakistan. Topic 2Development Planning and Resource Mobilization rude Development Policies and Priorities, Major Targets of Develop Plans and Emerging Issues Neglects and Successes Mobilization of Domestic Resources Shortages, Deficits and Role of Foreign fear. Agricultural Vs. Industrial Development Debat e. Agricultural Adequacy.Topic 3Agriculture and Industrial Development Emerging Issues Pattern of Agricultural and Industrial Development, Land Reforms and Its Impacts, the Role of color Revolution and its Impacts Present Status. Agricultural Price Policy and Income Tax. Sectoral Terms of Trade. Industrial Development Policies and Strategies. Development of Large and Small Industries. Value Added Manufacturing Goods Vs. Primary Goods Production. Agriculture Vs. Industry Development Debate. Topic 4Sectoral Development, Employment Pattern and Unemployment Sectoral Priorities and Development Issues. Human Resource Development and Emerging Issues Population Growth, Labor Force Participation Rate and Employment Pattern, Unemployment and Underemployment, Forecasting Manpower Needs and Employment. Strategies to combat unemployment.Criteria to Measure Unemployment / Underemployment Time Criterion, Productivity Criterion and New Index of Unemployment Application to Pakistan and Empirical Ev idences. Good Goverence, Social Action Plan and its Impact. Role of Institution in Development. Social Sectors development Vs. High Retun Sectors Growth trade off. Topic 5International Debt and Dependency Concepts of Foreign Aid and Debt. Borrowing Vs. Domestic contain Mobilization (failure). Size of Foreign Debt, Debt Saving and its Impacts. Strategies to combat with High Debt Saving Policy, Foreign Trade Promotion, Cutting non-development Expenditures, Rescheduling and its Impacts.Debt Management in Pakistan and Its Impacts. Debt Modeling and Future Implications. Topic 6Poverty and Income Distribution Pattern of Income Distribution Rural and Urban. Definitions and Approaches to Measure Poverty Income Approach, Expenditure Approach, Basic Needs Approach, Poverty of Participatory Index (POPI). How to set upon Poverty Growth Strategy, Basic Needs, Labor Intensive Investment Education / Training etc. and Social Action Plan (SAP) , its Role and Critical Review, dodging of Policies / Strategies to Combat Poverty and Improving Income Distribution Critical Evaluation. Neglect of Human Resource Development. Child Labor. Factors Productivity Issues.Topic 7Inflation, Foreign Trade Deficit and Emerging Issues Sources of Inflation in Pakistan. Policies to Combat Inflation and their Impacts. Trade Performance, Instability and its Impacts. Policies to Combat Deficit and Trade Instability. WTO and Its Impacts. Reforms and Further Needs. evaluate Impacts of WTO and Challenges. Terms of Trade Issues, Market plan of attack and Health Related Rates. Recommended Books 1. Aslam M. , Perspective on Development Planning In Pakistan, Allied Book Centre, Lahore, 2001-2002. 2. Chaudhary M. Aslam and Ahmad Eatzaz Globalization, WTO and Trade loosening in Pakistan, FerozSons, Lahore (2004). 3.Chaudhary M. Aslam, Human Resource Development and Management in Pakistan, Ferozsons, Lahore (1989). 4. Ishrat Hussain, Pakistan The Economy at the Gross Roads Past Policies and Present Impe ratives, Oxford Univ. Press, Karachi, 1988. 5. Khan, Shahrukh R. , 50 Years of Pakistans Economy Traditional Topics and Contemporary Concerns. Oxford Univ. Press, Karachi (2000). 6. Mahbool-ul-Haq Centre for Human Development (MHCHD), Poverty Profile of Pakistan, (1989) Oxford University Press. 7. Human Development In South Asia, Annual Report. 8. Saeed, Khawaja Amjad, The Economy of Pakistan, Karachi Oxford University Press, 2004. 9.Zaidi, Akbar, (1999), Issues in Pakistan Economy, Oxford Univ. , Press, Karachi. 10. World Development Reports, World Bank. (NoteTeacher(s) must assign latest research papers pertaining to each topic) M. A. Part II Paper 1. INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY AND FINANCE A)International Trade Theory Topic1. Importance and Bases of Trade Why Study International Economics? The Changing World and Interdependence Basis of Trade, Gains from Trade. Absolute Advantage, Comparative Advantage, Overview of Comparative Advantage and Pattern of Trade. introduce Curves an d Free Trade Equilibrium. Disagreements on Free Trade Overview of Emergency of International Trade Issues.The Elasticity of Exports Demand and Balance of Payment. Substitution and Income Effects, Impacts of Rise in Exports Demand. Topic 2. Growth and Trade International Trade and Shift in Production Function, Immerizing Growth, Output Growth and Terms of Trade (T. O. T) / Deterioration Uniform Growth at given T. O. T. The Transfer Problem Marshall Plan and Transfers, Transfer of Resources Neutral Case. Topic 3. Technology and Factor Endowment Ricardian Trade Model, World Production and Gains. Comparative Cost and Trade Pattern. National and World Gains from Trade. International Wage differentials and Productivity. Technical Progress and International Gains.WTO and Gains from Technical Progress Impacts on Prices. Equilibrium Production and Consumption Non-traded and Tradeables, Costs, Marginal Physical Product and Production Possibilities. Production Possibilities with Diminishing Re turns, Increasing Opportunity Cost. Free Trade and Income Distribution, Relative Demand, Supply and Pattern of Trade. Dutch infirmity and its application. Topic 4. Factor Endowment and Heckscher Ohlin Theory Output and Factors Rewards in 2*2 Model. Factor Intensity Comparison. Heckscher- Ohlin (H. O) Model, The Role of Demand, Factors Prices and Commodity Prices, Factor Price Equalization, and Factor Intensity Reversal.Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) and Footloose Production Process. NICs and H. O Theorem. The Product Cycle, Critical Analysis of Traditional Trade Theories. Rypecksy Theorem and its critical review. Topic 5. Markets, Cartels and International Trade Monopoly and Import Competition, Export Opportunities. Product Differentiation and Monopolistic Competition. Dumping / Discrimination and WTO, Competitiveness and Market Share, Gains from Migration. WTO and Factors Movements and the Commodity Movement. internationals Firms and Foreign estimate Investment, Transfe r of Capital, Technology, Skill and other Gains, Transfer of Resources and Transfer Problem. Topic 6. tax, Quota and Trade PoliciesTariff and Small Country Effects of Tariff, Price and Demand for Imports, Welfare impacts. Impacts of Tariff on Government Revenue, T. O. T Production and Welfare. Impact of Tariff on Domestic and World Welfare. The Optimal Tariff. Tariff and Distribution of Income. Brief Introduction of Tariff and WTO Laws, Tariff and Second Best Choice, Subsidies and Quota, Voluntary Quota, Growth with Protection vs. Free Trade Gains and WTO. Managed Trade, Quantitative Restrictions, Voluntary Export Restrictions and Their Impacts. Trade Diversion and Preferential Arrangements. WTO Injury, Anti-dumping Duties, Tariff and B. O. P Support. Success and Failure of WTO Agenda. B)International Monetary Economics and Finance Topic 7.Foreign Exchange Market and Exchange Rate Determination Foreign Exchange Rates (F. E. R) What it represents? Real, Nominal and Effective Rates. Determinants of Foreign Exchange Rate. Efficient F. E. R Market. Dynamic Theory of Interest and Exchange Rate. The Theory of Spot Exchange Rate Determination. Capital carry and Speculations. Forward Exchange Market, Interest Arbitrage, Interest Parity Theory, Speculators, Hedgers and Traders, Forward Exchange Rate Policy. Topic 8. Purchasing Power Parity, Exchange Rates and Balance of Payments (B. O. P) Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Non-Trade Goods, Balance of Payment Effect. Test of Exchange Rate Instability.Impacts of F. E. R. Rate Instability. B. O. P Income Absorption Approach to B. O. P. Elasticities of Exports and Imports and Impact on B. O. P. The Marshall- Larner Conditions. Monetary Approach to B. O. P. Monetarist Critique to the Keynesian Closed Economy Model. B. O. P. Effects of Stabilization Policies. Empirical Tests of Monetary Approach to the B. O. P. WTO and B. O. P Support. Adjustment with Short-run capital ladder. Methods dealing with undesired Short-run Capital F low. Topic 9. Open Economy Monetary and Fiscal Policy Monetary and Fiscal Policies Internal and External Balance. Monetary and Fiscal Policy with Fixed Exchange Rates.Problems of Small Country Fixed Exchange Rate, Free Floating Exchange Rate, Managed Exchange Rate and Critical Review of The Fiscal Monetary Mix Models. Fiscal Policy and Temporary Payment Imbalances. Monetary Policy and Permanent Payments Imbalances, A Random Walk Model of Payment Imbalances. Critical Review of the Modern Theory and Adjustment Mechanism. Topic 10. International Institution Trade, Capital and B. O. P. Introduction of International Institutions, Role and Major Activities of IMF. IMF Credit Facilities. Loan Mechanism, Value of SDRs. The optimal Quantity of Reserves, Optimum Interest Rate. Euro-Dollar, Dollar Exchange and Impacts. Role of IMF in B. O. P Support and Stabilization. Topic 11.International Movements of Factors and Welfare Impacts / Issues Facts on International Capital Flow ASEAN Crisis and Role of International Institution and Criticism. Motive for Capital Movement Return and Risk Diversification. Why disagreement on International Movement of Labour? Welfare Impacts of Labour Movements. Factors of Production and Price Equalization Issues. Losses of National Sovereignty. Can Developing Countries Compete and Gain from Trade Terms of Trade due to Demand Pattern and its Impacts. What Counts for wage Differential Between Primary Goods Producer and Value Added Goods Producer, Competitiveness Issue. WTO GATT and Emergency of WTO. Why necessary to Join WTO?WTO Expected Impacts on Trade, Liberalization and B. O. P Special Status of Developing Countries and Net Food Importing Countries. Protections under WTO Rules. Are Free Trade Gains more than certified Trade? Gains for whom how much(prenominal) and how long? Centre-Periphery Theory. WTO Rules Sanitary, Phytosanitary, Dumping, Anti-Dumping etc Rules and Emerging New Issues and Their Impacts. Topic 12. Major Contemporary In ternational Economic Issues WTO GATT and Emergency of WTO. Why necessary to Join WTO? WTO Major Trade Rules and Their Expected Impacts on Trade, B. O. P Deficit. WTO and Fair Trade / Free Trade. Free Trade will it be?Issue of Are Free Trade Gains more than Restricted Trade? Emerging Regional Trading, Blocks, Special Preference and their Impacts. Issues relating to the Contributions of International Financial Institutions and Their Evaluations. Is there need to Reform International Institutions? Monetary Integration and Their Impacts. Terms of Trade Issue. International Debt Problem, Growth and Competitiveness. Issues of Developing Countries Level of Development, Competitiveness and Trade Stability World Income Distribution and Free Trade. Basic Readings 1. Caves Richard, E. , and Jones Ronald W. , World Trade and Payments An Introduction, Latest Editions.Little, dark-brown and Company, Boston, Toronto. 2. Chacholiades, Miltiades, International Trade Theory and Policy (Latest Editio n). McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, London. 3. Donomick Sal Vatore B. , International Economics (Latest Edition), Prentice Hall. 4. Grubel Herbert C. , International Economics, (Latest Edition) Richard D. Irwin Inc. , Honewood, Illinois. 5. Peter Holinder & Thomas A. , Pugel. , International Economics. 9th Edition 1996. 6. Sodersten B. and Geoffry Read. , (1994). International Economics, MacMillan Press Ltd. 7. The Global Competitiveness, Report 1999, World Economic Forum, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. 8.World Bank. World Development Report, 1986. Oxford University Press. Additional Readings 1. Baldwin Robert L. and Richardson David J. , (1986). International Trade and Finance, Little Brown and Company, Boston, Toronto. 2. Moran Theodore H. , (1985). Multinational Corporations The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment. Lexington Books. Toronto, Massachusetts. 3. Krugman and Obstfeld, International Economics Theory and Policy, Addison Willey (1998). Paper 2. ECONOMETRICS THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Topic 1Introduction Definition and scope of econometrics, econometric models vs. Statistical models Ingredients of econometric modelingSpecification, estimation, verification or evaluation and forecasting. Topic 2The Classical Linear Regression Model (a)The Simple Linear Regression Model (SLRM) Estimation of SLRM by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Interpretation of Estimated Coefficients and their Economic Meanings. (b)The Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) Estimation of MLR model by OLS and its assumptions Interpretation of estimated coefficients and their economic meanings, Computation of elasticities and standardized coefficients Using R2 as a measure of Goodness of Fit and some roblems with its use. (c)The General Linear Regression Model (GLRM)Estimation of GLRM by OLS through Matrix Approach Var-Cov matrix of estimated coefficients. (d)Evaluating an Estimated Linear Regression Model Testing the significance of individual coefficients. Tes ting the significance of the model as a whole. Topic 3 Multicollinearety What is Multicollinearety? Distinction between perfect Multicollinearety and less than perfect Multicollinearety (Multicollinearety problem). Consequences of Multicollinearety problem, methods for detection of Multicollinearety problem. Remedial measures for Multicollinearety problem. Topic 4 Heteroskedasticity What is Heteroskedasticity and what are its causes?Consequences of Heteroskedasticity for OLS estimation. Methods for detection of Heteroskedasticity. Remedial measures for Heteroskedasticity. Topic 5 Autocorrelation What is Autocorrelation and its Causes? Consequences of Autocorrelation for OLS estimation. Methods for detection of Autocorrelation. Remedial measures for Autocorrelation. Topic 6Forecasting with a Single Equation Regression Model What is forecasting and what are its various types? Important features of a good forecast. Variance of unconditional forecast error. Variance of conditional fore cast error. Measures for evaluating the forecasting power of a model.Topic 7 Errors in Variables, Time as a Variable, Dummy Variables, Grouped Data, Lagged and Distributed-Lag Variables Errors in variables. Time as a variable. Dummy variables. Estimation from grouped data. Exogenous lagged variables. Endogenous lagged variables. Methods of estimation of lagged models. Topic 8 Identification The problems of acknowledgment. Implications of the identification state of a model. Formal rules for identification. Identifying restrictions. Tests for identifying restrictions. Identification and Multicollinearity. Topic 9Simultaneous Equations Models Why Simultaneous Equation Models? Various Types of simultaneous equation Models. The identification problem.Checking the identification state of a model or of a particular equation in the model by Order Condition, bogus equation and reduced from approaches. Identification and methods of estimation. Topic 10Consistent Estimation of Parameters of Simultaneous Equations Models Indirect Least Square Estimation. Two-stage Least Squares Estimation. Instrumental variables method of estimation. Topic 11 variable Coefficient Models Causes of Coefficient Variation. Randomly Varying Coefficient Models. Systematically Varying Coefficient Models. Topic 12Time Series Econometrics ARIMA Models. Comparison of forecasts based on ARIMA and Regression Models. Unit Roots and Co-integration.Dummy Trap and its detection. Suggested Books 1. Gujrati, D. Basic Econometrics , 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, 1993 2. IntrilligatorEconometric Model, Techniques and Applications, N. J. Printice Hall, 1978 . 3. Johnston, J. Econometric Models, McGraw Hill, 1984 4. Koutsoyiannis, A. Theory of Econometrics, McMillan, 1978 5. Maddala, J. S. Econometrics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1978 6. Wonnacot, R. J. Econometrics, John Wiley, New York & Wonnacot, E. 7. Madnani, G. M. KIntroduction to Econometrics Principles and Applications, (Latest Edition) 8.Pindyck &Econometr ic Models & Economic Forecasts, 3rd RubenfeldEdition, McGraw Hill Inc. 1992. 9. Maddala, J. & Kim Unit Roots, Co-integration and Structural Change, Cambridge University Press, 1998. 10. Griffiths, Judge, The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, John Willey and Sons, Latest edition. Research Articles 1. Abadir (2002) Notation in Econometrics a proposal for a standard. Econometric Journal, Vol. 5, solvent 1, pages 76-96. 2. Abadir and Jan R. Magnum (1993) OLS Bias in a Nonstationary Autogregression, Econometric Theory, Vol. 9, issue 1, pages 81-93. 3. Don Andrews (2003). A Bias-Reduced Log-Periodogram Regression Estimator for the Long Run, Memory Parameter, Econometrica, 71, (2), 675-712. 4.Gunnar, Bardsen, (1999), Economic theory and econometric dynamics in modeling wages and prices in the unify Kingdom, Empirical Economics, 24, (3), 483-507. 5. Joshua, Angrist, (2001), Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Models with Dummy Endogenous Regressors Simple strategies for Empirical practice. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 19, (1), 2-16. 6. Luc, Bauwens, (1994), Estimating End Use Demand A Bayesian Approach. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 12, (2), 221-31. 7. Manuel, Arellano, (1992), Female Labour Supply and On-the Job Search An Empirical Model Estimated Using Complementary Data Sets. Review of Economic Studies, 59, (3), 537-59. 8.Stephen, Roy, Bonal, (1991), Some Tests of specification for Panel Data Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equation. Review of Economic Studies, 58 (2), 277-97. Paper 3. maturation ECONOMICS THEORY AND POLICY Note Students are expected to study latest editions of the recommended books. At least two research papers pertaining to each topic must be comprehended. Each topic must be prepared and analyzed critically. Any aspect of the topics may be asked in the examination. The course marrow provides a guideline. Students must prepare critical review of topics. Part A Theoretical Foundations and Sector Specific Issues Topic 1 Scope and New DevelopmentsDefinitions Economic Development and Growth, Identification of Development variables. Scope and Significance of Development Economics. Characteristics of LDCs. Measurement of Economic Development and Growth. Per Capita Income approach, Quality of Life Index / HDI etc. Historical overview of dry land development and emerging major issues pertaining to Less Developed Countries (LDCs). Why the whole world is not developed? Topic 2 Major Theories of Development Classical and Neo-classical Theories, Adam Smith and Competitive Capitalism, Vicious Circle of Poverty, Stages of Economic Growth, Balanced and Unbalanced Growth, Big Push Theory. Dependency Theory, Structuralists View Point.Endogenous Growth Theory New growing Theory. Income Convergence/ Divergence, New Growth Theory. Market Friendly Approach. Topic 3 Agriculture and Industry Agriculture vs. Industry Development Debate. Lewis Model of surplus Labor. Rains Fei Model and its critical review. Transforming Agriculture, Underemployment problem. Role of Agriculture Market for Industrial Output, Provision of Input, food, Complementarity, productivity growth. Terms of Trade Issue and Subsidies, etc. and Competitiveness. Land Holdings, Green Revolution and its Performance. Need for Industrialization. Industrialization and its financing mechanism. Problem of Sectoral Dualism. Why Green Revolution?The Spread of Green Revolution in Pakistan and its Status / Contributions. Topic 4 Population, Education and Human Capital Demographic Transition, Human Resources as a source of growth and their contributions. Investment in education and returns. Models of Employment & Unemployment Time Criterion, Productivity Criterion and New Index etc. , and Employment generation Strategies/Techniques. Part B International Development Issues and Debates Topic 5 International Debt, Aid / Assistance Why international borrowing? Two Gap Model, Aid commitments and disbursement. Sources of borrowing. Debt Cycle Theory/Stages. Debt Burden Debt Servicing, Debt laffer Curve, Debt buy back etc. Latin American Debt Crises, ASEAN Crises, Debt Problem of LDCs and South Asia, Debt Overhang and threat to growth. Policies to combat debt problem Forecasting debt and solution for debt burden, saving mobilization/Domestic resource mobilization, Debt rescheduling etc. Debt Modeling and Forecasting Future Implication. Topic 6 WTO, Liberalization and International Trade Trade vs. Aid. Liberalization of Trade and its impacts/gains etc. , Foreign Exchange Constraints and Balance of Payment deficit. Role of GATT and its Failure. WTO and LDCs. Trade Instability, Distribution of gains from Trade liberalization. Regional Trade Associations (RTAs) their role and contributions. Basis for trade and benefits Gains from Trade Static and Dynamic Gains.Comparative Advantage, Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness. Trade as an engine of growth. Product Cycle. Determinants o f exports growth. Transfer of Technology Sources & Need. Technology Centered Development and Appropriate technology issue. Topic 7 multinational Corporations (TNCS), FDI and Development Transnational Corporations (TNCs) Objectives, Role and Contributions, Long term cost of TNCs. Transfer of Technology Ways and Means. Global integrated work system TNCs and Globalization, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Its Determinants/Role. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and TNCs. Flow of FDI and its contributions.Topic 8 Poverty and Income Distribution Definitions and Measurement of Poverty/Poverty Line. Poverty concepts/definitions. Absolute Poverty, Relative Poverty, Income approach, Expenditure approach, Basic needs approach, Poverty of Opportunities Index (POPI) and Calorie-based approach etc. Poverty Indicators. Poverty by socio-economic groups. Sources, impacts and policies to combat poverty. Strategies and tools to combat poverty. Growth and Income Inequality in the world. Empirical e vidences on poverty. Redistribution with growth. How to combat income inequality. Basic Needs, Social Action Programs and Poverty alleviation. Topic 9 Environment and DevelopmentModel of Environment and Economic Activity. Market Based Approach and Externalities. Deforestation and renewable Resources, Measuring environment values. Deforestation and Macroeconomic Environment. Industrialization and its environmental cost, Use of Pesticides and Environmental Impacts. Natural resources degradation. Cost of Pollutions/Environmental degradation. International awareness about environment, production and need for Reforms. Economic thoughts and Environment. International Agencies Environmental concerns and programs. Urbanization and environmental issues. Sustained development, Ecology and economic progress. Topic 10 Growth ModelsHarrod-Domer Model, Technical Change and growth Model, Kaldors Model of Distribution, Joan Robinsons Model of capital accumulation, Model of Steady State Growth. Savi ng-Investment and Golden Rules. Recommended Books 1. Balasubramanyam V. and Lall, S. (1992, eds), Current Issues in Development Economics. McMillan , London. 2. Chaudhary M. Aslam and Hamid, A. , (1999). Human Resource Development and Management in Pakistan. Ferozsons, Lahore. 3. Chenery H. B. and Srinivasen. Hand Book of Development Economics,* vol. I & II, Amsterdam (1988, eds. ). North Holland. 4. Cypher J. M. and Dietz James L. , (2004), The Process of Economic Development, Routledge.Tayl or Francis Group, London/New York. 5. Ghatak Subarta, (2003), Introduction to Development Economics, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London/New York. 6. Herrick B. and Kindleberger C. , (latest eds. ). Economic Development. McMillan, New York. 7. Hirshman A. O. , (1960). Strategy of Economic Development, Yale University, Press. 8. Jones H. G. , An Introduction to Modern Theories of Economic Growth, (Latest Edition), McGraw Hills. 9. Mahboob-ul-Haq Center for Human Development (MHCHD). Huma n Development in South Asia, Annual Reports, Islamabad. 10. - (1999), A Profile of Poverty In Pakistan, (In Collaboration with UNDP). 11. Meier Gerald M. Leading Issues in Economic Development, (Latest Issue), Oxford University Press. 12. Thirlwall, A. P. , (2003), Growth and Development, With Special Reference to Developing Economies 7th edition, Palgrave Publisher. 13. Todaro M. P. , Economic Development in the third World. Latest Edition, Heinemann, London. 14. UNDP, Human Development Reports , Annual Reports. 15. Van Den Berg H. , (2001), Economic Growth and Development,* McGraw Hills. 16. William, Easterly, Growth without Development, A Case Study of Pakistan, World Bank. 17. World Bank, World Development Reports, Annual reports, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998/99, 2000/2001 and 2004. 18. Yotopolous Pan A. and Nugent Jeffery B. Economics of Development, Empirical Investigation (Latest Issue). Harper and Row Publishers, London/New York. Paper 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOG Y Importance of Research Methodologies. Research techniques in social sciences and their limitations. Theory and basis of research. Empirical and a priori research. Stages of research process. Identification of problem/issue, data, theory and estimation and related problems. Thinking, written report Research Designs the process of field research, Exploratory Research, Casual Inference. Methods of communication in survey. trance survey and communication techniques. Art of asking questions and getting quality information.Preparation of Research Proposal Questionnaire, Sample Design the Nature of Sampling, Measurement and Scaling Measurement, Measurement Scales, the Characteristics of big(p) Measurement, the Development of Measurement Tools, Scaling, the Nature of Scaling, Response Methods, Scale Construction. Data Collection Methods, Survey Instruments and Field Procedures Survey Instrument Designs, the Survey Situations, the Instrument Development Process, Questionnaire Developme nt, Field Procedures, Personal Interviewing, Telephone Interviewing, Interviewing by mail, observations. Data collection, Observation, Experimentation and Simulations Experimentation and Simulation.Choice of Research Technique, Experimental Research Design, Simulation, Observation, Observation Designs. Use of supplemental Data the Nature of Secondary Data Sources, the Use of Secondary Data, Types of Secondary Data Sources, Statistical Sources, Data Research Procedures, Evaluating Secondary Data. Vision Survey Interpretation of Replies. Data Presentation and Analysis Elements of Analysis, Data Preparation, Special Data Problem, Tabulation, Data Presentation, and Data Analysis. Report Writing the Questions and analysis of Research Proposal. Organization of Research Paper. How to format and Write country Research Report. Executive summary and abstract of a report.Conclusion and its basis. Evaluation of Research Work. The Research Report, Research Report Format, Writing and editing of research Report. Recommended Books 1. Birchenhall C. and Grout P. , (latest edition), Mathematics for Modern Economics, Herifaq Publishers, New Delhi. 2. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Holt-Sounders Japan Ltd. Tokyo (Latest edition). 3. Johnson, Glenew Research Methodology for Economists Philosophy and Practice, McMillan Publishing Co. (Latest edition). 4. Kidder Louise H. , Research Methods in Social Relations. 5. Lambert, P. , (1985) Advanced Mathematics for Economists. Static and Dynamic Optimization, basil Black Well. 6. Neuman W.Lawrence, (1997) Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Allyn and Bacon Boston. 7. Sckaran Business Research Methods 8. Uma, Sekarn, (1992), Research Methods for Business. A Skill Building Approach, John Willey & Sons, Inc. 9. Young Pauline V. , (latest edition), scientific Social Survey and Research, Prentice Hall Inc. 10. Zikmund William, G. , (1994), Business Research Methods, The drydem Press. OPTIONAL PAPERS Paper 5. 1 ADVA NCED MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS Topic 1Complex Number and Circular Functions Imaginary and Complex Numbers. Complex Roots. Circular Functions. Properties of Sine & Cosine functions. Eular Relations.Alternative Representation of Complex Numbers. Topic 2 organic dragon Dynamics and Integration. The Nature of Indefinite Integrals, Basic Rules of Integrations & Rules of Operation. The Substitution Rule and the Rule of Integration by Parts. Definite Integrals. Major Properties of Definite Integral. A Definite Integral as an Area Under a Curve. Improper Integrals. Economic Applications of Integrals Finding Total Functions from Marginal Functions, Investment & Capital Formation, Present Value of Cash Flow. Present Value of a Perpetual Flow, Domar Growth Model. Topic 3Differential Equations Continuous Time First Order Linear Differential EquationsMeaning and Definition Homogenous & non-Homogenous Cases. Solution of First Order Linear Differential Equation with Constant Coefficient & Constant Term and its checkout. Economic Application Dynamics of Market Price. Solution and its check of First Order Differential Equation with Variable Coefficient and Variable Term. Exact Differential Equation, its Solution and Verification. Non-linear Differential Equations of the First Order and First Degree. Bernoulli Equation, Separable Variables. The Qualitative Graphic Approach. Concept of Phase Diagram, types of Time Paths and their Dynamic Stability. Economic Application Solow Growth Model.Topic 4 Differential Equations Higher Order Differential Equations Solution and Verification of Second order Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficient and Constant term-Distinct Real Roots, Repeated Real Roots and Complex Root Cases. Dynamic Stability of Equilibrium. Economic Applications. A Market Model with Price Expectations. The Interaction of Inflation and Unemployment. Solution of Higher order Differential Equations with Constant Coefficient and Constant Term. Convergence an d the Routh Theorem. Topic 5 release Equations Discrete Time First Order Difference Equations Solution and its Verification of First Order Difference Equations. The Dynamic Stability of Equilibrium.Economic Applications The Cobweb Model, A Market Model with Inventory. Nonlinear Difference Equations The Qualitative-Graphic Approach. Phase Diagrams Types of Time Path. A Market with a Price Ceiling. Topic 6 Higher Order Difference Equations Solution and Verification of Second-Order Linear Difference Equations with Constant Coefficients and Constant Term-Distinct Real Roots, Repeated Real Roots and Complex Roots cases. The Convergence of the Time Path. Economic Applications, Samuelson Multiplier-Acceleration Interaction Model. Inflation and Unemployment in Discrete Time. Higher Order Linear Difference Equations and their Solutions. Convergence and Schur Theorem Again.The Solution of Simultaneous Differential Equations. Topic 7Non-Linear Programming The Nature of Non Linear Programming Non-Linearities in Economics. Kuhn Tucker Condition. Interpretation of Kuhn Tucker Condition. Kuhn Tucker Sufficiency Theorem Concave Programming. Arrow Enthoven Sufficiency Theorem Quasiconcave Programming. Economic Application-Utility Maximization, Least Cost Combination. Solving a Nonlinear Program via the Kuhn-Tucker Conditions. Recommended Books 1. Chiang A. C. Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics McGraw Hill (3rd Edition) 1984. 2. Dowling Edward T. Mathematics for Economics Schaum Series, 1981. 3. Glass Colin J.An introduction to Mathematical Methods in Economics McGraw Hill. 4. Haung David, S. , Introduction to the set of Mathematics in Economic Analysis Graphical Approach, Simplex Method, Economic Application of linear Programming N-Y John Wiley and Sons, latest edition. 5. lighter M. , Livermois J, Rees R, Stengos T. , Mathematic for Economics, 1996. Addison0Wesley Publishers limited. 6. Weber E. Jean, Mathematical Analysis, Business and Economic Application (lat est edition), Harper and Row Publishers, New York. 7. Yamene, Taro, Mathematics for Economists, Prentice Hall, latest edition. Additional Readings 1. Allen R. G. D. , Mathematical Economics, London, Macmillan English address Book Society. 2.Edey & Peacock, National Income and Social Accounting London, Hutxchinson University Library, 3rd Edition. Paper 5. 2 APPLIED ECONOMICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATION Topic 1Introduction to Windows 2000 and Ms-Word operate System, Performance Management, Desktop Management, Printer Management, Internet Explorer, E-mail. MS-Word, using Advanced Formatting Features, Sharing data with Word, Word Macros, Composing Models and Mathematical Equations. Topic 2PowerPoint and MS-Access (XP) Database Concepts, point Linkages, Data Retrieval, Data Editing / Updating. Data Transferring. Topic 3SPSS and E-View Menu, Tool Bars, File Linkages, Dialog Boxes. Data Analysis, Analysis of Variance.Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis, Formatting Reports, introductio n and Modification of Chart, Line Area and Pie Chart. Output Navigator Printing, Data Editor Printing, Command Syntax Printing. Use of E-view for Model Estimation. Topic 4Estimation of Production Function Use of Computer, SPSS, E-View to Estimate Production Functions. Cob-Douglas Production Function, Constant Elasticity Production Function etc. Topic 5Computer Applications Demand Supply & Equilibrium Estimation of Demand and Supply using E